Merge pull request #795 from bdodrem/windows_read-stdin__issue_793_and_792

On Windows, fix stdin broken-pipe and blocking domain.  Issues #793 and #792.

.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Dockerfile
+_build
+.git
+**/*.swp

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# To work around MDX issues
+README.md text eol=lf
+CHANGES.md whitespace=-blank-at-eol

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+name: Main workflow
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os:
+          - macos-latest
+        ocaml-compiler:
+          - 5.2.x
+        local-packages:
+          - eio eio_posix eio_main
+
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Use OCaml ${{ matrix.ocaml-compiler }}
+        uses: ocaml/setup-ocaml@v2
+        with:
+          ocaml-compiler: ${{ matrix.ocaml-compiler }}
+          opam-local-packages:
+          opam-disable-sandboxing: true
+
+      - run: opam --cli=2.1 pin -yn --with-version=dev .
+      - run: opam install ${{ matrix.local-packages }} --deps-only --with-test
+      - run: opam install ${{ matrix.local-packages }} --with-test
+  windows:
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Set-up OCaml
+        uses: ocaml/setup-ocaml@v2
+        with:
+          opam-pin: false
+          opam-depext: false
+          ocaml-compiler: ocaml.5.2.0,ocaml-option-mingw
+          opam-repositories: |
+            dra27: https://github.com/dra27/opam-repository.git#windows-5.0
+            normal: https://github.com/ocaml/opam-repository.git
+      # --with-version=dev is not available, and --with-test also tries running tests for packages (like MDX) which fail...
+      - run: | 
+          opam pin -yn eio.dev .
+          opam pin -yn eio_windows.dev .
+          opam pin -yn eio_main.dev .
+          opam install eio eio_windows eio_main --deps-only --with-test
+      - run: opam exec -- dune build
+      - run: opam exec -- dune runtest
+      - run: opam exec -- dune exec -- ./examples/net/main.exe
+      - run: opam exec -- dune exec -- ./examples/fs/main.exe
+  docker:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - name: Build the Docker image
+      run: docker build .

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 _build
+_opam
+.ocamlformat
 .*.swp
 *.install

CHANGES.md

@@ -1,3 +1,902 @@
+## v1.2
+
+Changes:
+
+- Make `fork_action.h` a public header (@patricoferris #769, reviewed by @talex5).  
+  Allows other libraries to add new actions.
+
+- Record trace event when spawning processes (@talex5 #749).  
+  Spawning a subprocess can take a long time in some cases, so show it clearly in the traces.
+
+- Eio_unix.Net: make some return types more polymorphic (@talex5 #744).
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Preserve backtraces in `fork_daemon` (@talex5 #779).
+
+- Eio.Path: always use "/" as separator (@talex5 #743).
+
+Linux backend:
+
+- Allow `alloc_fixed_or_wait` to be cancelled (@talex5 #753).
+
+- Avoid triggering a (harmless) TSan warning (@talex5 #754, reported by @avsm).
+
+Windows backend:
+
+- Unregister FDs on cancel (@talex5 #756).  
+  Fixes `exception Unix.Unix_error(Unix.ENOTSOCK, "select", "")`.
+
+- Work around problems in `Unix.getaddrinfo` (@talex5 #780).  
+  Fixes e.g. `No addresses found for host name "127.0.0.1"`.
+
+- Group `ECONNABORTED` with other connection reset errors (@talex5 #783).
+
+- Check `has_symlink` for tests (@create2000 #771, reviewed by @patricoferris and @talex5).
+
+- Improve `openat` error handling (@talex5 #742, reported by @kentookura).  
+  Fixes `exception Unix.Unix_error(Unix.ENOENT, "openat", "")`.
+
+Documentation:
+
+- examples/fs: show how to read files while scanning (@talex5 #745).
+
+- Add example to `Buf_read.seq` documentation (@talex5 #739, requested by @darrenldl and @rizo).
+
+Build and test:
+
+- Fix tests on OpenBSD (@talex5 #782).
+
+- Add advice about using AI for code generation (@patricoferris #765, reviewed by @avsm and @talex5).
+
+- Minor code cleanups (@talex5 #755).
+
+- Define `struct clone_args` for linux-lts versions that don't have it (@copy #741, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- eio_linux: refactor fixed buffer code (@talex5 #752).
+
+## v1.1
+
+New features:
+
+- Add `Eio.Path.symlink` (@patricoferris #715, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Add `Eio.Pool.use ~never_block` (@SGrondin #657, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Add `Eio_unix.Net.import_socket_listening` (@alyssais #733).
+
+- Add `Eio.Time.Timeout.sleep` (@talex5 #726).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add `examples/fs` showing how to walk a directory tree (@talex5 #730).
+
+- README: explain that `read_all` reads until shutdown (@talex5 #717, reported by @Wenke-D).
+
+- Use long dash in README title (@lucperkins #718).
+
+Linux backend:
+
+- Require Linux >= 5.15 (@talex5 #720, reviewed by @SGrondin and @avsm).  
+  Removes a work-around that required checking whether every flow was a tty.
+
+- Don't call submit immediately before wait (@talex5 #728).  
+  This is slightly faster and makes the traces clearer.
+
+- Don't record submit events when there's nothing to submit (@talex5 #729).  
+  Makes the traces a bit clearer.
+
+- Split flow into its own file (@talex5 #727).
+
+- Add work-around for signals race (@talex5 #734).
+
+POSIX backend:
+
+- Add `_BSD_SOURCE` flag to fix build on OpenBSD (@prgbln #722).
+
+- Fix sandboxed path resolution on OpenBSD (@jebrosen #723, reviewed by @talex5).  
+  OpenBSD uses `ELOOP` when opening a symlink with `O_NOFOLLOW`.
+
+Build and test:
+
+- Benchmarks: record uname, Eio backend, and number of cores (@talex5 #719).
+
+- Update to MDX 2.4.1 for OCaml 5.2 (@talex5 #712).
+
+## v1.0
+
+New features:
+
+- Add `Eio_unix.Cap` module to enable Capsicum mode (@talex5 #697, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- eio_linux: expose more functions in the `Low_level` module (@talex5 #705, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Add all the functions used by other parts of eio_linux (`openat`, `mkdir`, `read_link`, `unlink`, `rename` and `pipe`).
+  Tidied the API up a bit too:
+  - `mkdir_beneath` is now just `mkdir`.
+  - `statx_confined` is now just `statx`.
+  - `open_dir` is gone; the single user now calls `openat` directly.
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add README documentation for `Eio.Executor_pool` (@SGrondin @talex5 #707, reviewed by @Sudha247).
+
+- eio_linux: remove logging (@talex5 #708, requested by @clecat).  
+  There were only two remaining uses of Logs, neither of which has proved useful.
+
+Build:
+
+- Add upper-bound on MDX (@talex5 #706).  
+  The new version attempts to execute included blocks.
+
+- Fix tests to pass with both old and new Kcas (@polytypic #704).
+
+- Make posix `open_beneath` test idempotent (@SGrondin #703).
+
+- Executor_pool: mention requested weight in error message (@talex5 #702, reported by @yawaramin).
+
+## v0.15
+
+New features:
+
+- eio_posix: use directory FDs instead of realpath (@talex5 #694 #696, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Using realpath was an old hack from the libuv days and subject to races. It was also slow.
+
+- Keep pool of systhreads for blocking operations (@SGrondin @talex5 #681).  
+  This is much faster than creating a new thread for each operation.
+  It mainly benefits the eio_posix backend, as that uses lots of systhreads.
+
+- Make `Switch.on_release` thread-safe (@talex5 #684, requested by @art-w and @clecat).  
+  This allows resource pools to be shared between domains easily.
+
+- Add `Eio.Path.read_link` (@talex5 #686).
+
+- Add `Eio_unix.Fd.is_open` (@talex5 #690).
+
+- Include backtrace in systhread errors (@talex5 #688, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Also, add `Eio.Exn.empty_backtrace` as a convenience.
+
+- eio.mock: add tracing support to mock backend (@talex5 #687).
+
+- Improve tracing (@talex5 #675 #683 #676, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Update tracing section of README and trace more things
+  (`run_in_systhread`, `close`, `submit`, `traceln`, cancellation and domain spawning).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Link to verification work in docs (@talex5 #682).
+
+- Add more trace diagrams to README (@talex5 #698).
+
+- Adjust COC contacts (@polytypic #685, reviewed by @Sudha247).
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- eio_linux: retry `openat2` on `EAGAIN` (@talex5 #693, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- eio_posix and eio_windows: check for IO periodically (@talex5 #674).
+
+- Handle EPERM when trying to initialise uring (@talex5 #691).  
+  This can happen when using a Docker container.
+
+Build and tests:
+
+- Benchmark `Eio_unix.run_in_systhread` (@talex5 #678, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- Enable lintcstubs for `Eio_unix.Private` too (@talex5 #689).
+
+- Stat benchmark: report cleanup time and optimise (@talex5 #692).
+
+- Make benchmarks start faster (@talex5 #673).
+
+- Update build for new eio-trace CLI (@talex5 #699).
+
+- Expect opam-repo-ci tests to fail on macos (@talex5 #672).
+
+## v0.14
+
+New features / API changes:
+
+- Add `Eio.Executor_pool` (@SGrondin #639, reviewed by @talex5).  
+  Provides an easy way to distribute jobs across domains.
+
+- Add `Fiber.first ~combine` and `Fiber.n_any` (@SGrondin @talex5 #587).  
+  Allows keeping both results in the case where multiple fibers succeed.
+
+- Add `Eio_mock.Backend.run_full` with auto-advancing mock clock (@talex5 #644, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Simplifies testing of code using clocks.
+
+- Add `Buf_write.printf` (@SGrondin @talex5 #655).
+
+- Add `Net.listening_addr` (@mefyl #555, reviewed by @patricoferris @talex5).  
+  Useful to get the socket's address if the OS assigns it.
+
+- Add `Promise.try_resolve` (@talex5 #646).
+
+- Remove `Cancel_hook_failed` exception (@talex5 #640).  
+  Didn't seem to be used and broke dscheck.
+
+Tracing:
+
+- Improve tracing (@TheLortex @patricoferris @talex5 #656).  
+  Trace cancellation contexts and OS operations, and simplify API.
+
+- Add labels to switches (@talex5 #661, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- `Fiber.all`: use the parent fiber (@talex5 #665, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  Cleans up the traces a bit.
+
+Performance:
+
+- Faster and simpler `Lf_queue` (@talex5 #647, based on work by @polytypic).
+
+- Optimise `Flow.copy` with `Buf_read.as_flow` (@talex5 #663, reviewed by @SGrondin, reported by @leostera).
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Fix handling of very long IO vectors (@talex5 #653, reported by @Cjen1).
+
+- eio_posix: use `caml_enter_blocking_section` in more places (@talex5 #654, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- eio_posix: work around `caml_unix_alloc_sockaddr` bug (@talex5 #651).
+
+- Remove default backtrace from `Switch.fail` (@talex5 #664).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Organise eio.mli better (@talex5 #667).
+
+- Fix quoting of quotes in process error messages (@talex5 #666, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- Mention Path module in File and Fs documentation (@talex5 #659, requested by @clecat).
+
+- Minor documentation updates (@SGrondin @talex5 #670).
+
+Build / internals:
+
+- Allow closing synchronous streams (@talex5 #641, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  This isn't currently exposed in the public interface.
+
+- Fix non-idempotent tests (@SGrondin #662).
+
+- eio_windows: add explicit fmt dependency (@talex5 #643).
+
+## v0.13
+
+New features / API changes:
+
+- Add `Flow.read_all` (@SGrondin #596, reviewed by @talex5 @rbjorklin).
+
+- Add `Path.stat` (@patricoferris @talex5 @avsm #617 #618 #624 #620, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- Add `Path.rmtree` (@talex5 #627 #628, reviewed by @SGrondin).
+
+- Add `Path.mkdirs` and `Path.split` (@patricoferris @talex5 #625).
+
+- Add `Eio.File.{seek,sync,truncate}` (@talex5 #626).
+
+- Add `Eio.Path.{kind,is_file,is_directory}` (@patricoferris @talex5 #623, reviewed by @avsm).
+
+- Switch from CTF to OCaml 5.1 runtime events (@TheLortex @patricoferris @talex5 #634 #635, reviewed by @avsm).
+  This is a minimal initial version.
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Document `File.Stat` record fields (@avsm @talex5 #621).
+
+- Update README section about `env` (@talex5 #614, reported by @jonsterling).
+
+Build and test changes:
+
+- Add `File.stat` benchmark (@talex5 #616).
+
+- Add `Path.stat` benchmark (@patricoferris @talex5 #630).
+
+- eio_linux: mark as only available on Linux (@talex5 #629).
+
+- Make MDX tests idempotent (@SGrondin #601, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Allow trailing whitespace in CHANGES.md (@talex5 #632).
+
+- Update minimum OCaml version to 5.1 (@talex5 #631).
+
+- Generate prototypes for C stubs from ml files (@talex5 #615).
+
+- Don't try to compile uring support on centos 7 (@talex5 #638, reported by @zenfey).
+
+## v0.12
+
+New features / API changes:
+
+- Replace objects with variants (@talex5 @patricoferris #553 #605 #608, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  Some potential users found object types confusing, so we now use an alternative scheme for OS resources.
+  For users of the resources, the only thing that changes is the types:
+
+  - Instead of taking an argument of type `#foo`, you should now take `_ foo`.
+  - Instead of returning a value of type `foo`, you should now return `foo_ty Eio.Resource.t`.
+
+  To provide your own implementation of an interface, you now provide a module rather than an object.
+  For example, to provide your own source flow, use `Eio.Flow.Pi.source (module My_source)`.
+
+  If you want to define your own interfaces, see the `Eio.Resource` module documentation.
+
+- Add `Eio.Pool` (@talex5 @darrenldl #602, reviewed by @patricoferris).  
+  A lock-free pool of resources. This is similar to `Lwt_pool`.
+
+- Add `Eio.Lazy` (@talex5 #609, reviewed by @SGrondin).  
+  If one fiber tries to force a lazy value while another is already doing it,
+  this will wait for the first one to finish rather than raising an exception (as `Stdlib.Lazy` does).
+
+- Add `Eio.Path.native` (@talex5 #603, reviewed by @patricoferris).  
+  This is useful when interacting with non-Eio libraries, for spawning sub-processes, and for displaying paths to users.
+
+- Add `Flow.single_write` (@talex5 #598).
+
+- Add `Eio.Flow.Pi.simple_copy` (@talex5 #611).  
+  Provides an easy way to implement the `copy` operation when making your own sink.
+
+- Eio_unix: add FD passing (@talex5 #522).  
+  Allows opening a file and passing the handle over a Unix-domain socket.
+
+- Add `Process.run ?is_success` to control definition of success (@SGrondin #586, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Add `Eio_mock.Domain_manager` (@talex5 #610).  
+  This mock domain manager runs everything in a single domain, allowing tests to remain deterministic.
+
+- Add `Eio.Debug.with_trace_prefix` (@talex5 #610).
+  Allows prefixing all `traceln` output. The mock domain manager uses this to indicate which fake domain is running.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Fork actions must not allocate (@talex5 #593).  
+  When using multiple domains, child processes could get stuck if they forked while another domain held the malloc lock.
+
+- eio_posix: ignore some errors writing to the wake-up pipe (@talex5 #600).  
+  If the pipe is full or closed, the wake-up should simply be ignored.
+
+Build/test fixes:
+
+- Fix some MDX problems on Windows (@polytypic #597).
+
+- The README depends on kcas (@talex5 #606).
+
+- Clarify configuration for lib_eio_linux and enable tests on other arches (@dra27 #592).
+
+- eio_linux tests: skip fixed buffer test if not available (@talex5 #604).
+
+- eio_windows: update available line to win32 (@talex5 #588 #591).
+
+
+## v0.11
+
+New features / API changes:
+
+- Extend `Eio.Condition` API (@talex5 #563).  
+  - `loop_no_mutex` is a simpler and more efficient way to way for a condition.
+  - `register_immediate` allows integration with other IO libraries.
+
+- Expose `Eio.Stdenv.backend_id` (@bord-o #560, reviewed by @talex5).  
+  Useful in tests to report which backend is being used.
+
+- Remove deprecated features (@talex5 #552, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  These were all already marked as deprecated in v0.10 and are now gone completely:
+  - `Fiber.fork_sub`
+  - `Eio_unix.{FD,Ipaddr,socketpair,getnameinfo}`
+  - `Eio_linux.{FD,get_fd,get_fd_opt}`
+  - `Eio_posix.Low_level.Fd`
+
+- Allow calling `close` more than once (@talex5 #547, requested by @anmonteiro, reviewed by @patricoferris, @avsm).
+
+- Add `close` to socket type (@talex5 #549).  
+  Simplifies the type signatures a bit by avoiding having to mention this everywhere.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Fix handling of empty path strings (@talex5 #569, reported by @SGrondin).  
+  Using "" instead of "." in some places resulted in an error.
+
+- eio_posix: fix update to watched FDs on cancel (@talex5 #574, reported and reviewed by @quernd).  
+  Cancelling the last watcher of an FD didn't remove it from the set passed to `poll`,
+  which could result in constant wake-ups.
+
+- eio_posix: fix `pread` at end-of-file (@talex5 #581, reported by @SGrondin).  
+  It tried to return 0 instead of `End_of_file`, triggering an assertion.
+
+- eio_posix: don't reap non-Eio child processes (@talex5 #562).  
+  This allows spawning processes with e.g. the stdlib or Lwt
+  (but see https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/lwt_eio/pull/19 for Lwt support).
+
+- Preserve backtraces across `Domain_manager.run` (@talex5 #571).  
+  See https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/issues/12362.
+
+- Correct the backend selection for Cygwin (@dra27 #557).  
+  Use `eio_posix`, not `eio_windows` in this case.
+
+Other changes:
+
+- Simplify dune files with dune 3.9's `build_if` (@talex5 #582).
+
+- Remove `Waiters` from `Eio_core` (@talex5 #567).  
+  `Eio.Switch` no longer uses this so it can finally be removed.
+
+- Use `Fmt.Dump.signal` to format signals (@talex5, @MisterDA #543).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add some notes about thread-safety in the documentation (@talex5 #568).
+
+## v0.10
+
+New features / API changes:
+
+- Add `Eio.Process` for cross-platform subprocess support (@patricoferris @talex5 #499, reviewed by @anmonteiro @avsm @haesbaert).
+
+- Add `Eio_unix.Net module` (@talex5 #516, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  The Unix network APIs have been cleaned up and moved here, and some missing datagram operations have been added.
+  `send` now takes an iovec, not just a single buffer.
+
+- Add support for domain local await (@polytypic @talex5 #494 #503).  
+  Allows sharing e.g. kcas data-structures across Eio and Domainslib domains.
+
+- Add initial eio_windows backend (@patricoferris @talex5 #497 #530 #511 #523 #509, reviewed by @avsm @polytypic).  
+
+- Remove eio_luv backend (@talex5 #485).  
+  It was only used on Windows, and has been replaced by eio_windows.
+
+- Unify `Eio_linux.FD` and `Eio_posix.Fd` as `Eio_unix.Fd` (@talex5 #491).  
+  Now that eio_luv is gone, there is no need for different backends to have different types for wrapped file descriptors.
+
+- Move `Eio.Stdenv.t` to `Eio_unix.Stdenv.base` (@talex5 #498).  
+  Note that the rest of `Eio.Stdenv` is still there; only the definition of a full Unix-like environment has moved.
+
+- Deprecation cleanups (@talex5 #508).  
+  Removed some APIs that were already marked as deprecated in Eio 0.8.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- eio_linux: fall back to `fork` if `clone3` is unavailable (@talex5 #524, reported by @smondet, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  Docker's default security policy blocks `clone3`.
+
+- Don't call `accept_fork`'s error handler on cancellation (@talex5 #520).  
+  This isn't an error and should not be reported.
+
+- Fix `eio_unix_is_blocking` C stub (@patricoferris #505, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Fix `Condition.await bug` when cancelling (@polytypic @talex5 #487).
+
+- Buf_write: fix flush returning too early (@talex5 #539, reported by @cometkim).
+
+- Ignore `ENOTCONN` errors on socket shutdown (@avsm #533, reported by @patricoferris, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Link to developer meetings information (@talex5 @Sudha247 #515).
+
+- Adopt OCaml Code of Conduct (@Sudha247 #501).
+
+- Add README links to Meio and Lambda Capabilities blog post (@talex5 #496).
+
+- Document mirage `Ipaddr` conversion (@RyanGibb @patricoferris @talex5 #492).
+
+- Document how to use Domainslib from Eio (@talex5 #489, reviewed by @polytypic @patricoferris).
+
+Other changes:
+
+- Run benchmarks with current-bench (@Sudha247 @talex5 #500).
+
+- Fix MDX tests on OCaml 5.1 (@talex5 #526).
+
+- Add stress test for spawning processes (@talex5 #519).  
+  This was an attempt to track down the https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/issues/12253 signals bug.
+
+- `Eio.Process.pp_status` should be polymorphic (@talex5 #518).
+
+- eio_posix: probe for existence of some flags (@talex5 #507, reported by @hannesm).  
+  FreeBSD 12 didn't have `O_DSYNC`. Also, add `O_RESOLVE_BENEATH` and `O_PATH` if available.
+
+- Fix race in ctf tests (@talex5 #493).
+
+## v0.9
+
+New features:
+
+- Add eio_posix backend (@talex5 @haesbaert #448 #477, reviewed by @avsm @patricoferris @polytypic).  
+  This replaces eio_luv on all platforms except Windows (which will later switch to its own backend). It is a lot faster, provides access to more modern features (such as `openat`), and can safely share OS resources between domains.
+
+- Add subprocess support (@patricoferris @talex5 #461 #464 #472, reviewed by @haesbaert @avsm).  
+  This is the low-level API support for eio_linux and eio_posix. A high-level cross-platform API will be added in the next release.
+
+- Add `Fiber.fork_seq` (@talex5 #460, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  This is a light-weight alternative to using a single-producer, single-consumer, 0-capacity stream, similar to a Python generator function.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- eio_linux: make it safe to share FDs across domains (@talex5 #440, reviewed by @haesbaert).  
+  It was previously not safe to share file descriptors between domains because if one domain used an FD just as another was closing it, and the FD got reused, then the original operation could act on the wrong file.
+
+- eio_linux: release uring if Linux is too old (@talex5 #476).  
+  Avoids a small resource leak.
+
+- eio_linux: improve error handling creating pipes and sockets (@talex5 #474, spotted by @avsm).  
+  If we get an error (e.g. too many FDs) then report it to the calling fiber, instead of exiting the event loop.
+
+- eio_linux: wait for uring to finish before exiting (@talex5 #470, reviewed by @avsm).  
+  If the main fiber raised an exception then it was possible to exit while a cancellation operation was still in progress.
+
+- eio_main: make `EIO_BACKEND` handling more uniform (@talex5 #447).  
+  Previously this environment variable was only used on Linux. Now all platforms check it.
+
+- Tell dune about `EIO_BACKEND` (@talex5 #442).  
+  If this changes, dune needs to re-run the tests.
+
+- eio_linux: add some missing close-on-execs (@talex5 #441).
+
+- eio_linux: `read_exactly` fails to update file offset (@talex5 #438).
+
+- Work around dune `enabled_if` bug on non-Linux systems (@polytypic #475, reviewed by @talex5).
+
+- Use raw system call of `getrandom` for glibc versions before 2.25 (@zenfey #482).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add `HACKING.md` with hints for working on Eio (@talex5 #443, reviewed by @avsm @polytypic).
+
+- Improve worker pool example (@talex5 #454).
+
+- Add more Conditions documentation (@talex5 #436, reviewed by @haesbaert).  
+  This adds a discussion of conditions to the README and provides examples using them to handle signals.
+
+- Condition: fix the example in the docstring (@avsm #468).
+
+Performance:
+
+- Add a network benchmark using an HTTP-like protocol (@talex5 #478, reviewed by @avsm @patricoferris).
+
+- Add a benchmark for reading from `/dev/zero` (@talex5 #439).
+
+Other changes:
+
+- Add CI for macOS (@talex5 #452).
+
+- Add tests for `pread`, `pwrite` and `readdir` (@talex5 #451).
+
+- eio_linux: split into multiple files (@talex5 #465 #466, reviewed by @avsm).
+
+- Update Dockerfile (@talex5 #471).
+
+- Use dune.3.7.0 (@patricoferris #457).
+
+- Mint exclusive IDs across domains (@TheLortex #480, reported by @haesbaert, reviewed by @talex5).  
+  The tracing currently only works with a single domain anyway, but this will change when OCaml 5.1 is released.
+
+
+## v0.8.1
+
+Some build fixes:
+
+- Fix build on various architectures (@talex5 #432).
+  - Work around dune `%{system}` bug.
+  - eio_luv: fix `max_luv_buffer_size` on 32-bit platforms.
+
+- Add missing test-dependency on MDX (@talex5 #430).
+
+## v0.8
+
+New features:
+
+- Add `Eio.Net.run_server` (@bikallem @talex5 #408).  
+  Runs an accept loop in one or more domains, with cancellation and graceful shutdown,
+  and an optional maximum number of concurrent connections.
+
+- Add `Buf_read.BE` and `LE` parsers (@Cjen1 #399).  
+  Parse numbers in various binary formats.
+
+- Add `Eio.Buf_read.uint8` (@talex5 #418).
+
+Performance:
+
+- Make `Eio.Condition` lock-free (@talex5 #397 #381).  
+  In addition to being faster, this allows using conditions in signal handlers.
+
+- Make `Eio.Semaphore` lock-free (@talex5 @polytypic #398).
+
+- Make `Eio.Stream` lock-free when the capacity is zero (@talex5 #413 #411).
+
+- Make `Eio.Promise` lock-free (@talex5 #401).
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- eio_linux: call `Uring.submit` as needed (@talex5 @bikallem #428).  
+  Previously, we could fail to submit a job promptly because the SQE queue was full.
+
+- Fix luv signals (@haesbaert #412).  
+  `libuv` automatically retries polling if it gets `EINTR`, without giving OCaml signal handlers a chance to run.
+
+- eio_luv: fix some resource leaks (@talex5 @patricoferris #421).
+
+- eio_luv: fix "unavailable signal" error on Windows (@talex5 #420, reported by @nojb).
+
+- Fix `Buf_write.BE.uint48` and `LE.uint48` (@adatario #418).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add example programs (@talex5 #389).
+
+- Update network examples to use `run_server` (@talex5 #417).
+
+- Add a warning to the tutorial about `Fiber.first` (@talex5 #394).
+
+- Clarify the epoch used for `Eio.Time.now` (@bikallem #395).
+
+- Describe `secure_random` as an infinite source (@patricoferris #426).
+
+- Update README for OCaml 5 release (@talex5 #384 #391 #393).
+
+Other changes:
+
+- Delay setting `SIGPIPE` handler until the `run` function is called (@talex5 #420).
+
+- Remove debug-level logging (@talex5 #403).
+
+- eio-luv: improve `process.md` test (@smondet #414).
+
+- Update to Dune 3 (@talex5 #410).
+
+- Remove test dependency on Astring (@talex5 #402 #404).
+
+- Simplify cancellation logic (@talex5 #396).
+
+- time: `Mtime.Spand.to_s` has been deprecated in mtime 2.0.0 (@bikallem #385).
+
+## v0.7
+
+API changes:
+
+- Unify IO errors as `Eio.Io` (@talex5 #378).  
+  This makes it easy to catch and log all IO errors if desired.
+  The exception payload gives the type and can be used for matching specific errors.
+  It also allows attaching extra information to exceptions, and various functions were updated to do this.
+
+- Add `Time.Mono` for monotonic clocks (@bikallem @talex5 #338).  
+  Using the system clock for timeouts, etc can fail if the system time is changed during the wait.
+
+- Allow datagram sockets to be created without a source address (@bikallem @haesbaert #360).  
+  The kernel will allocate an address in this case.
+  You can also now control the `reuse_addr` and `reuse_port` options.
+
+- Add `File.stat` and improve `Path.load` (@haesbaert @talex5 #339).  
+  `Path.load` now uses the file size as the initial buffer size.
+
+- Add `Eio_unix.pipe` (@patricoferris #350).  
+  This replaces `Eio_linux.pipe`.
+
+- Avoid short reads from `getrandom(2)` (@haesbaert #344).  
+  Guards against buggy user code that might not handle this correctly.
+
+- Rename `Flow.read` to `Flow.single_read` (@talex5 #353).  
+  This is a low-level function and it is easy to use it incorrectly by ignoring the possibility of short reads.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Eio_luv: Fix non-tail-recursive continue (@talex5 #378).  
+  Affects the `Socket_of_fd` and `Socketpair` effects.
+
+- Eio_linux: UDP sockets were not created close-on-exec (@talex5 #360).
+
+- Eio_linux: work around io_uring non-blocking bug (@haesbaert #327 #355).  
+  The proper fix should be in Linux 6.1.
+
+- `Eio_mock.Backend`: preserve backtraces from `main` (@talex5 #349).
+
+- Don't lose backtrace in `Switch.run_internal` (@talex5 #369).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Use a proper HTTP response in the README example (@talex5 #377).
+
+- Document that read_dir excludes "." and ".." (@talex5 #379).
+
+- Warn about both operations succeeding in `Fiber.first` (@talex5 #358, reported by @iitalics).
+
+- Update README for OCaml 5.0.0~beta2 (@talex5 #375).
+
+Backend-specific changes:
+
+- Eio_luv: add low-level process support (@patricoferris #359).  
+  A future release will add Eio_linux support and a cross-platform API for this.
+
+- Expose `Eio_luv.Low_level.Stream.write` (@patricoferris #359).
+
+- Expose `Eio_luv.Low_level.get_loop` (@talex5 #371).  
+  This is needed if you want to create resources directly and then use them with Eio_luv.
+
+- `Eio_linux.Low_level.openfile` is gone (@talex5 #378).  
+  It was just left-over test code.
+
+
+## v0.6
+
+Changes:
+
+- Update to OCaml 5.0.0~beta1 (@anmonteiro @talex5 #346).
+
+- Add API for seekable read/writes (@nojb #307).
+
+- Add `Flow.write` (@haesbaert #318).  
+  This provides an optimised alternative to `copy` in the case where you are writing from a buffer.
+
+- Add `Net.with_tcp_connect` (@bikallem #302).  
+  Convenience function for opening a TCP connection.
+
+- Add `Eio.Time.Timeout` (@talex5 #320).  
+  Makes it easier to pass timeouts around.
+
+- Add `Eio_mock.Clock` (@talex5 #328).  
+  Control time in tests.
+
+- Add `Buf_read.take_while1` and `skip_while1` (@bikallem #309).  
+  These fail if no characters match.
+
+- Make the type parameter for `Promise.t` covariant (@anmonteiro #300).
+
+- Move list functions into a dedicated submodule (@raphael-proust #315).
+
+- Direct implementation of `Flow.source_string` (@c-cube #317).  
+  Slightly faster.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- `Condition.broadcast` must interlock as well (@haesbaert #324).
+
+- Split the reads into no more than 2^32-1 for luv (@haesbaert @talex5 @EduardoRFS #343).  
+  Luv uses a 32 bit int for buffer sizes and wraps if the value passed is too big.
+
+- eio_luv: allow `Net.connect` to be cancelled (@talex5 @nojb #311).
+
+- eio_main: Use dedicated log source (@anmonteiro #326).
+
+- linux_eio: fix kernel version number in log message (@talex5 @nojb #314).
+
+- Account for stack differences in the socketpair test (issue #312) (@haesbaert #313).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Add Best Practices section to README (@talex5 #299).
+
+- Documentation improvements (@talex5 #295 #337).
+
+
+## v0.5
+
+New features:
+
+- Add `Eio.Condition` (@TheLortex @talex5 #277).  
+  Allows a fiber to wait for some condition to become true.
+
+- Add `Eio.Net.getaddrinfo` and `getnameinfo` (@bikallem @talex5 #278 #288 #291).  
+  Convert between host names and addresses.
+
+- Add `Eio.Debug` (@talex5 #276).  
+  Currently, this allows overriding the `traceln` function.
+
+- `Buf_write.create`: make switch optional (@talex5 #283).  
+  This makes things easier for people porting code from Faraday.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Allow sharing of libuv poll handles (@patricoferris @talex5 #279).  
+  Luv doesn't allow two callers to watch the same file handle, so we need to handle that in Eio.
+
+Other changes:
+
+- Upgrade to uring 0.4 (@talex5 #290).
+
+- Mention `Mutex`, `Semaphore` and `Condition` in the README (@talex5 #281).
+
+## v0.4
+
+Note: Eio 0.4 drops compatibility with OCaml 4.12+domains. Use OCaml 5.0.0~alpha1 instead.
+
+API changes:
+
+- `Eio.Dir` has gone. Use `Eio.Path` instead (@talex5 #266 #270).
+
+- `Eio_unix.FD.{take,peek}` were renamed to `take_opt`/`peek_opt` to make way for non-optional versions.
+
+New features:
+
+- Fiber-local storage (@SquidDev #256).  
+  Attach key/value bindings to fibers. These are inherited across forks.
+
+- `Eio.Path.{unlink,rmdir,rename}` (@talex5 #264 #265).
+
+- `Eio_main.run` can now return a value (@talex5 #263).  
+  This is useful for e.g. cmdliner.
+
+- `Eio_unix.socketpair` (@talex5 #260).
+
+- `Fiber.fork_daemon` (@talex5 #252).  
+  Create a helper fiber that does not prevent the switch from exiting.
+
+- Add `Fiber.{iter,map,filter,fiter_map}` (@talex5 #248 #250).  
+  These are concurrent versions of the corresponding operations in `List`.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Fix scheduling fairness in luv backend (@talex5 #269).
+
+- Implement remaining shutdown commands for luv (@talex5 #268).
+
+- Fix IPv6 support with uring backend (@haesbaert #261 #262).
+
+- Use `Eio.Net.Connection_reset` exception in more places (@talex5 #257).
+
+- Report use of closed FDs better (@talex5 #255).  
+  Using a closed FD could previously cause the whole event loop to exit.
+
+- Some fixes for cancellation (@talex5 #254).
+
+- Ensure `Buf_write` still flushes if an exception is raised (@talex5 #246).
+
+- Do not allow close on `accept_fork` socket (@talex5 #245).
+
+Documentation:
+
+- Document integrations with Unix, Lwt and Async (@talex5 #247).
+
+- Add a Dockerfile for easy testing (@talex5 #224).  
+
+## v0.3
+
+API changes:
+
+- `Net.accept_sub` is deprecated in favour of `accept_fork` (@talex5 #240).  
+  `Fiber.fork_on_accept`, which it used internally, has been removed.
+
+- Allow short writes in `Read_source_buffer` (@talex5 #239).  
+  The reader is no longer required to consume all the data in one go.
+  Also, add `Linux_eio.Low_level.writev_single` to expose this behaviour directly.
+
+- `Eio.Unix_perm` is now `Eio.Dir.Unix_perm`.
+
+New features:
+
+- Add `Eio.Mutex` (@TheLortex @talex5 #223).
+
+- Add `Eio.Buf_write` (@talex5 #235).  
+  This is a buffered writer for Eio sinks, based on Faraday.
+
+- Add `Eio_mock` library for testing (@talex5 #228).  
+  At the moment it has mock flows and networks.
+
+- Add `Eio_mock.Backend` (@talex5 #237 #238).  
+  Allows running tests without needing a dependency on eio_main.
+  Also, as it is single-threaded, it can detect deadlocks in test code instead of just hanging.
+
+- Add `Buf_read.{of_buffer, of_string, parse_string{,_exn}, return}` (@talex5 #225).
+
+- Add `<*>` combinator to `Buf_read.Syntax` (@talex5 #227).
+
+- Add `Eio.Dir.read_dir` (@patricoferris @talex5 #207 #218 #219)
+
+Performance:
+
+- Add `Buf_read` benchmark and optimise it a bit (@talex5 #230).
+
+- Inline `Buf_read.consume` to improve performance (@talex5 #232).
+
+Bug fixes / minor changes:
+
+- Allow IO to happen even if a fiber keeps yielding (@TheLortex @talex5 #213).
+
+- Fallback for `traceln` without an effect handler (@talex5 #226).  
+  `traceln` now works outside of an event loop too.
+
+- Check for cancellation when creating a non-protected child context (@talex5 #222).
+
+- eio_linux: handle EINTR when calling `getrandom` (@bikallem #212).
+
+- Update to cmdliner.1.1.0 (@talex5 #190).
+
 ## v0.2
 
 - Add support for UDP (@patricoferris #171).

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Code of Conduct
+
+This project has adopted the [OCaml Code of Conduct](https://github.com/ocaml/code-of-conduct/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
+
+# Enforcement
+
+This project follows the OCaml Code of Conduct
+[enforcement policy](https://github.com/ocaml/code-of-conduct/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md#enforcement).
+
+To report any violations, please contact:
+
+* Patrick Ferris <patrick [at] sirref [dot] org>
+* Sudha Parimala <sudha [at] tarides [dot] com>
+* Thomas Leonard <thomasleonard [at] tarides [dot] com>

Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+FROM ocaml/opam:debian-11-ocaml-5.2
+# Make sure we're using opam-2.1:
+RUN sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/opam-2.1 /usr/bin/opam
+# Ensure opam-repository is up-to-date:
+RUN cd opam-repository && git pull -q origin 97de3378749cf8d2d70a5d710d310e5cc17c9dea && opam update
+# Install utop for interactive use:
+RUN opam install utop fmt
+# Install Eio's dependencies (adding just the opam files first to help with caching):
+RUN mkdir eio
+WORKDIR eio
+COPY *.opam ./
+RUN opam pin --with-version=dev . -yn
+RUN opam install --deps-only eio_main eio_linux eio
+# Build Eio:
+COPY . ./
+RUN opam install eio_main

HACKING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+## Installing Eio from Git
+
+If you want to run the latest development version from Git, run these commands:
+
+```
+git clone https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git
+cd eio
+opam pin -yn .
+opam install eio_main
+```
+
+## Layout of the code
+
+`lib_eio/core` contains the core logic about fibers, promises, switches, etc.
+`lib_eio` extends this with e.g. streams, buffered readers, buffered writers,
+and a load of types for OS resources (files, networks, etc).
+
+There is one directory for each backend (e.g. `eio_linux`).
+Each backend provides a scheduler that integrates with a particular platform,
+and implements some or all of the cross-platform resource APIs.
+For example, `eio_linux` implements the network interface using `io_uring` to send data.
+
+`lib_main` just selects an appropriate backend for the current system.
+
+## Writing a backend
+
+It's best to start by reading `lib_eio/mock/backend.ml`, which implements a mock backend with no actual IO.
+You can then read one of the real backends to see how to integrate this with the OS.
+
+Most backends are built in two layers:
+
+- A "low-level" module directly wraps the platform's own API, just adding support for suspending fibers for concurrency
+  and basic safety features (such wrapping `Unix.file_descr` to prevent use-after-close races).
+
+- An implementation of the cross-platform API (as defined in the `eio` package) that uses the low-level API internally.
+  This should ensure that errors are reported using the `Eio.Io` exception.
+
+`eio_posix` is the best one to look at first:
+
+- `lib_eio_posix/sched.ml` is similar to the mock scheduler, but extended to interact with the OS kernel.
+- `lib_eio_posix/low_level.ml` provides fairly direct wrappers of the standard POSIX functions,
+  but using `sched.ml` to suspend and resume instead of blocking the whole domain.
+- `lib_eio_posix/net.ml` implements the cross-platform API using the low-level API.
+  For example, it converts Eio network addresses to Unix ones.
+  Likewise, `fs.ml` implements the cross-platform file-system APIs, etc.
+- `lib_eio_posix/eio_posix.ml` provides the main `run` function.
+  It runs the scheduler, passing to the user's `main` function an `env` object for the cross-platform API functions.
+
+When writing a backend, it's best to write the main loop in OCaml rather than delegate that to a C function.
+Some particular things to watch out for:
+
+- If a system call returns `EINTR`, you must switch back to OCaml
+  (`caml_leave_blocking_section`) so that the signal can be handled. Some C
+  libraries just restart the function immediately and this will break signal
+  handling (on systems that have signals).
+
+- If C code installs a signal handler, it *must* use the alt stack (`SA_ONSTACK`).
+  Otherwise, signals handlers will run on the fiber stack, which is too small and will result in memory corruption.
+
+- Effects cannot be performed over a C function.
+  So, if the user installs an effect handler and then calls a C mainloop, and the C code invokes a callback,
+  the callback cannot use the effect handler.
+  This isn't a problem for Eio itself (Eio's effect handler is installed inside the mainloop),
+  but it can break programs using effects in other ways.
+
+## Tests
+
+Eio has tests in many places...
+
+### Cross-platform unit tests
+
+These are in the top-level `tests` directory.
+They are run against whichever backend `Eio_main.run` selects, and therefore must get the same result for all backends.
+
+### Concurrency primitives
+
+`lib_eio/tests` tests some internal data structures, such as the lock-free cells abstraction.
+The `.md` files in that directory provide a simple walk-through to demonstrate the basic operation,
+while `lib_eio/tests/dscheck` uses [dscheck][] to perform exhaustive testing of all atomic interleavings.
+
+At the time of writing, dscheck has some performance problems that make it unusable by default, so
+you must use the version in https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/dscheck/pull/22 instead.
+
+### Benchmarks
+
+The `bench` directory contains various speed tests.
+`make bench` is a convenient way to run all of them.
+This is useful to check for regressions.
+
+If you want to contibute an optimisation, please add a benchmark so that we can measure the improvement.
+If you are changing something, make sure the benchmark doesn't get significantly worse.
+
+### Stress and fuzz testing
+
+The `fuzz` directory uses afl-fuzz to search for bugs.
+
+Using it properly requires an instrumented version of the OCaml compiler
+(see https://v2.ocaml.org/manual/afl-fuzz.html for instructions).
+The `dune` build rules don't use afl-fuzz; they just do a few random tests and then stop.
+
+To run e.g. the `fuzz_buf_read` tests with afl-fuzz:
+
+```
+mkdir input
+date > input/seed
+afl-fuzz -m 1000 -i input -o output ./_build/default/fuzz/fuzz_buf_read.exe @@
+```
+
+- `Fork server handshake failed` indicates that you are not using an AFL-enabled version of OCaml.
+- `The current memory limit (75.0 MB) is too restrictive` means you forgot to use `-m`.
+
+The `stress` directory contains stress tests (that try to trigger races by brute force).
+
+### Backend-specific tests
+
+There are also backend-specific tests, e.g.
+
+- `lib_eio_linux/tests`
+- `lib_eio_luv/tests`
+
+Use these for tests that only make sense for one platform.
+
+### Formal verification
+
+Some parts of Eio have been formally verified:
+
+- https://github.com/addap/master-thesis/tree/main/documents [[video](https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/video-verifying-an-effect-based-cooperative-concurrency-scheduler-in-iris-by-adrian-dapprich/13825)]
+- https://github.com/clef-men/zebre/tree/main/theories/eio
+
+## Code formatting
+
+Eio's code is indented using ocp-indent.
+When making PRs, please do not apply other formatting tools to existing code unrelated to your PR.
+Try to avoid making unnecessary changes; this makes review harder and clutters up the Git history.
+`ocamlformat` may be useful to get badly messed up code to a baseline unformatted state,
+from which human formatting can be added where needed.
+
+## AI-generated Code
+
+Contributing to Eio should not be done _solely_ using "AI tools" such as ChatGPT. This is for a few reasons:
+
+1. **It obfuscates how you think**. Purely AI-generated code tells us little about how you think and the problems you might be having. This makes it harder to provide good feedback on PRs and issues.
+2. **It is often more work to review**. Particularly for the OCaml ecosystem and libraries like Eio, it seems that these tools are not very good and generate a lot of believable code that is in actual fact completely wrong. PR comments and the code submitted with them can say completely different things.
+3. **It is a grey area for licensing**. Models like ChatGPT have been trained on lots of code with different licenses and has been known to simply copy code as an answer to a prompt. We would like to avoid this headache as best we can.
+
+Use AI tools, if you wish, to help you understand OCaml and Eio. Do not offload all of the work of a PR or a comment to these tools.
+
+[dscheck]: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/dscheck
+

LICENSE.md

@@ -33,3 +33,38 @@ ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+
+The `Eio.Buf_write` module is based on Faraday by Inhabited Type LLC,
+which has the following license (BSD-3-clause):
+
+Copyright (c) 2016, Inhabited Type LLC
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the author nor the names of his contributors
+   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+   without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
+OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
+ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Makefile

@@ -1,16 +1,25 @@
-.PHONY: all bench
+.PHONY: all bench stress
 
 all:
 	dune build @runtest @all
 
 bench:
-	dune exec -- ./bench/bench_yield.exe
-	dune exec -- ./bench/bench_promise.exe
-	dune exec -- ./bench/bench_stream.exe
-	dune exec -- ./bench/bench_semaphore.exe
-	dune exec -- ./bench/bench_cancel.exe
-	dune exec -- ./lib_eio_linux/tests/bench_noop.exe
+	dune exec -- ./bench/main.exe
 
-test_luv:
-	rm -rf _build
-	EIO_BACKEND=luv dune runtest
+test_posix:
+	EIO_BACKEND=posix dune runtest
+
+dscheck:
+	dune exec -- ./lib_eio/tests/dscheck/test_condition.exe
+	dune exec -- ./lib_eio/tests/dscheck/test_rcfd.exe
+	dune exec -- ./lib_eio/tests/dscheck/test_sync.exe
+	dune exec -- ./lib_eio/tests/dscheck/test_semaphore.exe
+	dune exec -- ./lib_eio/tests/dscheck/test_cells.exe
+
+stress:
+	dune exec -- ./stress/stress_proc.exe
+	dune exec -- ./stress/stress_semaphore.exe
+	dune exec -- ./stress/stress_release.exe
+
+docker:
+	docker build -t eio .

bench.Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+FROM ocaml/opam:debian-11-ocaml-5.2
+# Make sure we're using opam-2.1:
+RUN sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/opam-2.1 /usr/bin/opam
+# Ensure opam-repository is up-to-date:
+RUN cd opam-repository && git pull -q origin 97de3378749cf8d2d70a5d710d310e5cc17c9dea && opam update
+# Install Eio's dependencies (adding just the opam files first to help with caching):
+RUN mkdir eio
+WORKDIR eio
+COPY *.opam ./
+RUN opam pin --with-version=dev . -yn
+RUN opam install eio_main yojson
+# Build the benchmarks:
+COPY . ./
+RUN opam exec -- dune build ./bench

bench/bench_buf_read.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module R = Eio.Buf_read
+
+let run _env =
+  let test_data = String.make 100_000_000 'x' in
+  let r = R.of_string test_data in
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  let i = ref 0 in
+  try
+    while true do
+      assert (R.any_char r = 'x');
+      incr i
+    done;
+    assert false
+  with End_of_file ->
+    let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    let time = t1 -. t0 in
+    let bytes_per_second = float (String.length test_data) /. time in
+    [Metric.create "any_char" (`Float bytes_per_second) "bytes/s" "Parsing a long string one character at a time"]

bench/bench_cancel.ml

@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ let run_bench ?domain_mgr ~clock () =
     | Some dm -> Eio.Domain_manager.run dm (fun () -> run_sender stream)
     | None -> run_sender stream
   in
+  let name str =
+    match domain_mgr with
+    | Some _ -> str ^ "/separate domains"
+    | None -> str ^ "/single domain"
+  in
   Gc.full_major ();
-  let _minor0, prom0, _major0 = Gc.counters () in
   let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
   try
     Switch.run (fun sw ->
@@ -39,17 +43,17 @@ let run_bench ?domain_mgr ~clock () =
     let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
     let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
     let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
-    let _minor1, prom1, _major1 = Gc.counters () in
-    let prom = prom1 -. prom0 in
-    Printf.printf "%11b, %7.2f, %13.4f\n%!" (domain_mgr <> None) (1e9 *. time_per_iter) (prom /. float n_iters)
+    Metric.create
+      (name "take-first")
+      (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns"
+      "Time to take from one of two streams"
 
 let main ~domain_mgr ~clock =
-  Printf.printf "use_domains,  ns/iter, promoted/iter\n%!";
-  run_bench ~clock ();
-  run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ()
+  let m1 = run_bench ~clock () in
+  let m2 = run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock () in
+  [m1; m2]
 
-let () =
-  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+let run env =
   main
     ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
     ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_condition.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+(* A publisher keeps updating a counter and signalling a condition.
+   Two consumers read the counter whenever they get a signal.
+   The producer stops after signalling [target], and the consumers stop after seeing it. *)
+
+let n_iters = 100
+let target = 100000
+
+let run_publisher cond v =
+  for i = 1 to target do
+    Atomic.set v i;
+    (*     traceln "set %d" i; *)
+    Eio.Condition.broadcast cond
+  done
+
+let run_consumer cond v =
+  try
+    while true do
+      Fiber.both
+        (fun () -> Eio.Condition.await_no_mutex cond)
+        (fun () ->
+           let current = Atomic.get v in
+           (* traceln "saw %d" current; *)
+           if current = target then raise Exit
+        )
+    done
+  with Exit -> ()
+
+let run_bench ?domain_mgr ~clock () =
+  let cond = Eio.Condition.create () in
+  let v = Atomic.make 0 in
+  let run_consumer () =
+    match domain_mgr with
+    | Some dm -> Eio.Domain_manager.run dm (fun () -> run_consumer cond v)
+    | None -> run_consumer cond v
+  in
+  let name str =
+    match domain_mgr with
+    | Some _ -> str ^ "_domain"
+    | None -> str
+  in
+  Gc.full_major ();
+  let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+  for _ = 1 to n_iters do
+    Fiber.all [
+      run_consumer;
+      run_consumer;
+      (fun () -> run_publisher cond v);
+    ];
+  done;
+  let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+  let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
+  let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
+  Metric.create (name "broadcast") (`Float (1e3 *. time_per_iter)) "ms" "Time to signal a new value"
+
+let main ~domain_mgr ~clock = [
+  run_bench ~clock ();
+  run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ();
+]
+
+let run env =
+  main
+    ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
+    ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_copy.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+(* A client opens a connection to an echo service and sends a load of data via it. *)
+
+open Eio.Std
+
+let chunk_size = 1 lsl 16
+let n_chunks = 10000
+let n_bytes = n_chunks * chunk_size
+
+let run_client sock =
+  Fiber.both
+    (fun () ->
+       let chunk = Cstruct.create chunk_size in
+       for _ = 1 to n_chunks do
+         Eio.Flow.write sock [chunk]
+       done;
+       Eio.Flow.shutdown sock `Send
+    )
+    (fun () ->
+       let chunk = Cstruct.create chunk_size in
+       for _ = 1 to n_chunks do
+         Eio.Flow.read_exact sock chunk
+       done
+    )
+
+let time name service =
+  Switch.run ~name @@ fun sw ->
+  let client_sock, server_sock = Eio_unix.Net.socketpair_stream ~sw () in
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  Fiber.both
+    (fun () -> service server_sock)
+    (fun () -> run_client client_sock);
+  let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  let time = t1 -. t0 in
+  let bytes_per_second = float n_bytes /. time in
+  traceln "%s: %.2f MB/s" name (bytes_per_second /. 1024. /. 1024.);
+  Metric.create name (`Float bytes_per_second) "bytes/s" (name ^ " Flow.copy")
+
+let run _env =
+  [
+    time "default" (fun sock -> Eio.Flow.copy sock sock);
+    time "buf_read" (fun sock ->
+        let r = Eio.Buf_read.of_flow sock ~initial_size:(64 * 1024) ~max_size:(64 * 1024) |> Eio.Buf_read.as_flow in
+        Eio.Flow.copy r sock);
+  ]

bench/bench_fd.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let time label len fn =
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  fn ();
+  let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  Metric.create
+    label
+    (`Float (float len /. (t1 -. t0) /. (2. ** 30.))) "GB/s"
+    "Reading from /dev/zero using a single FD"
+
+let main ~domain_mgr zero =
+  let iters = 100_000 in
+  let len = 64 * 1024 in
+  let n_fibers = 4 in
+  let n_domains = 4 in
+  let buf = Cstruct.create len in
+  let run1 () =
+    for _ = 1 to iters do Eio.Flow.read_exact zero buf done
+  in
+  [time "fibers:1" (iters * len) run1;
+  time (Fmt.str "fibers:%d" n_fibers) (iters * n_fibers * len) (fun () ->
+      Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+      for _ = 1 to n_fibers do
+        Fiber.fork ~sw run1
+      done
+    );
+  time (Fmt.str "domains:%d" n_domains) (iters * n_domains * len) (fun () ->
+      Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+      for _ = 1 to n_domains do
+        Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () -> Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr run1)
+      done
+    )]
+
+let ( / ) = Eio.Path.( / )
+
+let run env =
+  Eio.Path.with_open_in (env#fs / "/dev/zero") (main ~domain_mgr:env#domain_mgr)

bench/bench_fstat.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let ( / ) = Eio.Path.( / )
+
+let n_stat = 100000
+
+let run_fiber file =
+  for _ = 1 to n_stat do
+    let info = (Eio.File.stat file).kind in
+    assert (info = `Regular_file)
+  done
+
+let run env =
+  Eio.Path.with_open_out ~create:(`If_missing 0o600) (env#cwd / "test-stat") @@ fun file ->
+  [1; 10] |> List.map (fun par ->
+      let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+      Switch.run (fun sw ->
+          for _  = 1 to par do
+            Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () -> run_fiber file)
+          done
+        );
+      let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+      let stat_per_s = float (n_stat * par) /. (t1 -. t0) in
+      let label = Printf.sprintf "n=%d fibers=%d" n_stat par in
+      Metric.create label (`Float stat_per_s) "stat/s" "Call fstat on an open file"
+    )

bench/bench_http.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+(* A multi-domain server handles HTTP-like requests from many clients running across multiple domains. *)
+
+open Eio.Std
+
+(* Note: this is not a real HTTP parser! *)
+let key_char = function
+  | 'A'..'Z' | 'a'..'z' | '-' -> true
+  | _ -> false
+
+let parse_headers r =
+  let len = ref (-1) in
+  let rec aux () =
+    let key = Eio.Buf_read.take_while key_char r in
+    if key = "" then Eio.Buf_read.string "\r\n" r
+    else (
+      Eio.Buf_read.char ':' r;
+      let value = Eio.Buf_read.line r in
+      if key = "Content-Length" then len := int_of_string (String.trim value);
+      aux ()
+    )
+  in
+  aux ();
+  !len
+
+let handle_connection conn _addr =
+  Eio.Buf_write.with_flow conn @@ fun w ->
+  let rec requests r =
+    let _req = Eio.Buf_read.line r in
+    let len = parse_headers r in
+    let body = Eio.Buf_read.take len r in
+    let response = body ^ " / received" in
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w (Printf.sprintf "Content-Length: %d\r\n" (String.length response));
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w response;
+    if not (Eio.Buf_read.at_end_of_input r) then requests r
+  in
+  Eio.Buf_read.parse_exn requests conn ~max_size:max_int
+
+let run_client ~n_requests id conn =
+  let total = ref 0 in
+  let r = Eio.Buf_read.of_flow conn ~max_size:max_int in
+  Eio.Buf_write.with_flow conn @@ fun w ->
+  for i = 1 to n_requests do
+    let msg = Printf.sprintf "%s / request %d" id i in
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "Host: localhost:8085\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "User-Agent: bench_server\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "Connection: keep-alive\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w (Printf.sprintf "Content-Length: %d\r\n" (String.length msg));
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w "\r\n";
+    Eio.Buf_write.string w msg;
+    let status = Eio.Buf_read.line r in
+    assert (status = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
+    let len = parse_headers r in
+    let body = Eio.Buf_read.take len r in
+    assert (body = msg ^ " / received");
+    incr total
+  done;
+  !total
+
+let main net domain_mgr ~n_client_domains ~n_server_domains ~n_connections_per_domain ~n_requests_per_connection =
+  let total = Atomic.make 0 in
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  Switch.run ~name:"main" (fun sw ->
+      let addr = `Tcp (Eio.Net.Ipaddr.V4.loopback, 8085) in
+      let backlog = n_connections_per_domain * n_client_domains in
+      let server_socket = Eio.Net.listen ~reuse_addr:true ~backlog ~sw net addr in
+      Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw (fun () ->
+          Eio.Net.run_server server_socket handle_connection
+            ~additional_domains:(domain_mgr, n_server_domains - 1)
+            ~on_error:raise
+        );
+      for domain = 1 to n_client_domains do
+        Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () ->
+            Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr (fun () ->
+                Switch.run ~name:"client-domain" @@ fun sw ->
+                for i = 1 to n_connections_per_domain do
+                  Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () ->
+                      let id = Printf.sprintf "domain %d / conn %d" domain i in
+                      let conn = Eio.Net.connect ~sw net addr in
+                      let requests = run_client ~n_requests:n_requests_per_connection id conn in
+                      ignore (Atomic.fetch_and_add total requests : int)
+                    )
+                done
+              )
+          )
+      done
+    );
+  let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  (* Fmt.pr "clients, servers, requests, requests/s@."; *)
+  let requests = n_connections_per_domain * n_client_domains * n_requests_per_connection in
+  assert (requests = Atomic.get total);
+  let req_per_s = float requests /. (t1 -. t0) in
+  Metric.create
+    (Printf.sprintf "requests:%d client-domains:%d server-domains:%d" requests n_client_domains n_server_domains)
+   (`Float req_per_s) "requests/s" "Request rate of a HTTP client/server system"
+
+let run env =
+  let metrics =
+    main env#net env#domain_mgr
+      ~n_client_domains:4
+      ~n_server_domains:4
+      ~n_connections_per_domain:25
+      ~n_requests_per_connection:1000
+  in
+  [metrics]

bench/bench_mutex.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let v = ref 0
+
+let run_worker ~iters_per_thread mutex =
+  for _ = 1 to iters_per_thread do
+    Eio.Mutex.lock mutex;
+    let x = !v in
+    v := x + 1;
+    Fiber.yield ();
+    assert (!v = x + 1);
+    v := x;
+    Eio.Mutex.unlock mutex;
+  done
+
+let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~iters_per_thread ~threads =
+  let mutex = Eio.Mutex.create () in
+  Gc.full_major ();
+  let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+  Switch.run (fun sw ->
+      for _ = 1 to threads do
+        Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () ->
+            if use_domains then (
+              Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr @@ fun () ->
+              run_worker ~iters_per_thread mutex
+            ) else (
+              run_worker ~iters_per_thread mutex
+            )
+          )
+      done
+    );
+  assert (!v = 0);
+  let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+  let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
+  let n_iters = iters_per_thread * threads in
+  let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
+  Metric.create
+    (Printf.sprintf "iterations=%d threads=%d" n_iters threads)
+    (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns" "Time to update a shared counter"
+
+let main ~domain_mgr ~clock =
+  [false, 1_000_000, 1;
+   false, 1_000_000, 2;
+   false,   100_000, 8;
+   true,    100_000, 1;
+   true,     10_000, 2;
+   true,     10_000, 8]
+  |> List.map (fun (use_domains, iters_per_thread, threads) ->
+      run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~iters_per_thread ~threads)
+
+let run env =
+  main
+    ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
+    ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_promise.ml

@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ and response = {
   next_request : request Promise.u;
 }
 
+(* Simulate other work in the domain, and also prevent it from going to sleep.
+   Otherwise, we're just measuring how long it takes the OS to wake a sleeping thread. *)
+let rec spin () =
+  Fiber.yield ();
+  spin ()
+
 (* A client and server exchange these payload values.
    Each contains the current message and a resolver which the other party can use to reply. *)
 
@@ -46,44 +52,57 @@ let bench_resolved ~clock ~n_iters =
     t := !t + Promise.await p;
   done;
   let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
-  Printf.printf "Reading a resolved promise: %.3f ns\n%!" (1e9 *. (t1 -. t0) /. float n_iters);
-  assert (!t = n_iters)
+  assert (!t = n_iters);
+  Metric.create
+    "read-resolved"
+    (`Float (1e9 *. (t1 -. t0) /. float n_iters)) "ns"
+    "Time to read a resolved promise"
 
-let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters =
+let maybe_spin v fn =
+  if v then Fiber.first spin fn
+  else fn ()
+
+let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~spin ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters =
   let init_p, init_r = Promise.create () in
   Gc.full_major ();
-  let _minor0, prom0, _major0 = Gc.counters () in
   let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
   Fiber.both
     (fun () ->
        if use_domains then (
          Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr @@ fun () ->
-         run_server ~n_iters ~i:0 init_r
+         maybe_spin spin (fun () -> run_server ~n_iters ~i:0 init_r)
        ) else (
-         run_server ~n_iters ~i:0 init_r
+         maybe_spin spin (fun () -> run_server ~n_iters ~i:0 init_r)
        )
     )
     (fun () ->
-       run_client ~n_iters ~i:0 init_p
+       maybe_spin spin (fun () -> run_client ~n_iters ~i:0 init_p)
     );
   let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
   let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
   let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
-  let _minor1, prom1, _major1 = Gc.counters () in
-  let prom = prom1 -. prom0 in
-  Printf.printf "%11b, %8d, %8.2f, %13.4f\n%!" use_domains n_iters (1e9 *. time_per_iter) (prom /. float n_iters)
+  let domains_label =
+    if use_domains then
+      if spin then "with-spin"
+      else "without-spin"
+    else "no"
+  in
+  Metric.create
+    (Printf.sprintf "iterations:%d domains:%s" n_iters domains_label)
+    (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns"
+    "Time to round-trip a request/reply"
 
 let main ~domain_mgr ~clock =
-  bench_resolved ~clock ~n_iters:(10_000_000);
-  Printf.printf "use_domains,   n_iters, ns/iter, promoted/iter\n%!";
-  [false, 1_000_000;
-   true,    100_000]
-  |> List.iter (fun (use_domains, n_iters) ->
-      run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters
-    )
+  let resolved = bench_resolved ~clock ~n_iters:(10_000_000) in
+  let metrics = [false, false, 1_000_000;
+   true,  true,    100_000;
+   true,  false,   100_000]
+  |> List.map (fun (use_domains, spin, n_iters) ->
+      run_bench ~domain_mgr ~spin ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters
+  ) in
+  resolved :: metrics
 
-let () =
-  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+let run env =
   main
     ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
     ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_semaphore.ml

@@ -1,55 +1,62 @@
 open Eio.Std
 
-let run_sender ~n_iters ~batch_size ~ack sem =
-  for i = 1 to n_iters do
-    Eio.Semaphore.release sem;
-    if i mod batch_size = 0 then
-      Eio.Semaphore.acquire ack
-  done
+(* Simulate other work in the domain, and also prevent it from going to sleep.
+   Otherwise, we're just measuring how long it takes the OS to wake a sleeping thread. *)
+let rec spin () =
+  Fiber.yield ();
+  spin ()
 
-let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~batch_size =
-  let sem = Eio.Semaphore.make 0 in
-  let ack = Eio.Semaphore.make 0 in
-  Gc.full_major ();
-  let _minor0, prom0, _major0 = Gc.counters () in
-  let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
-  Fiber.both
-    (fun () ->
-       if use_domains then (
-         Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr @@ fun () ->
-         run_sender ~n_iters ~batch_size ~ack sem
-       ) else (
-         run_sender ~n_iters ~batch_size ~ack sem
-       )
-    )
-    (fun () ->
-       for i = 1 to n_iters do
-         Eio.Semaphore.acquire sem;
-         if i mod batch_size = 0 then
-           Eio.Semaphore.release ack
-       done
+let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~n_resources =
+  let n_workers = 4 in
+  let sem = Eio.Semaphore.make n_resources in
+  let n_pending = Atomic.make n_workers in
+  let all_started, set_all_started = Promise.create () in
+  let t0 = ref 0.0 in
+  let run_worker ~n_iters sem =
+    Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+    Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw spin;
+    if Atomic.fetch_and_add n_pending (-1) = 1 then (
+      Promise.resolve set_all_started ();
+      t0 := Eio.Time.now clock;
+    ) else (
+      Promise.await all_started
     );
+    for _ = 1 to n_iters do
+      Eio.Semaphore.acquire sem;
+      Fiber.yield ();
+      Eio.Semaphore.release sem
+    done
+  in
+  let run () =
+    if use_domains then (
+      Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr @@ fun () ->
+      run_worker ~n_iters sem
+    ) else (
+      run_worker ~n_iters sem
+    )
+  in
+  Gc.full_major ();
+  Fiber.all (List.init n_workers (Fun.const run));
   let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
-  let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
+  let time_total = t1 -. !t0 in
   let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
-  let _minor1, prom1, _major1 = Gc.counters () in
-  let prom = prom1 -. prom0 in
-  Printf.printf "%11b, %8d, %3d, %8.2f, %13.4f\n%!" use_domains n_iters batch_size (1e9 *. time_per_iter) (prom /. float n_iters)
+  Metric.create
+    (Printf.sprintf "iterations:%d resources:%d" n_iters n_resources)
+    (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns"
+    "Time to acquire a semaphore, yeild, and release it"
 
 let main ~domain_mgr ~clock =
-  Printf.printf "use_domains,   n_iters,  batch, ns/iter, promoted/iter\n%!";
-  [false, 1_000_000, 1;
-   false, 1_000_000, 10;
-   false, 1_000_000, 100;
-   true,    100_000, 1;
-   true,    100_000, 10;
-   true,    100_000, 100]
-  |> List.iter (fun (use_domains, n_iters, batch_size) ->
-      run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~batch_size
+  [false, 100_000, 2;
+   false, 100_000, 3;
+   false, 100_000, 4;
+   true,   10_000, 2;
+   true,   10_000, 3;
+   true,   10_000, 4]
+  |> List.map (fun (use_domains, n_iters, n_resources) ->
+      run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~n_resources
     )
 
-let () =
-  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+let run env =
   main
     ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
     ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_stat.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+module Path = Eio.Path
+
+let () = Random.init 3
+
+let ( / ) = Eio.Path.( / )
+
+module Bench_dir = struct
+  type t = 
+    | Dir of { name : string; perm : int; children : t list }
+    | File of { name : string; size : int64; perm : int; }
+
+  let get_name = function Dir { name; _ } | File { name; _ } -> name
+
+  let get_children = function
+    | Dir { children; _ } -> children
+    | File _ -> invalid_arg "Files don't have children"
+
+  let compare a b = String.compare (get_name a) (get_name b)
+
+  let rec sort = function
+    | Dir ({ children; _ } as v) ->
+      let c = List.map sort children in
+      let c = List.stable_sort compare c in
+      Dir { v with children = c }
+    | File _ as f -> f
+
+  let rec size = function
+    | Dir { children; _ } ->
+      List.fold_left (fun acc v -> acc + size v) 0 children
+    | File _ -> 1
+
+  let rec pp ppf = function
+    | Dir { name; perm; children } ->
+      if children = [] then Fmt.pf ppf "dir %s (0o%o)" name perm else
+        Fmt.pf ppf "@[<v2>dir %s (0o%o)@ %a@]" name perm Fmt.(list ~sep:Fmt.cut pp) children
+    | File { name; size; perm } ->
+      Fmt.pf ppf "file %s (0o%o) %Lu" name perm size
+
+  let make fs t =
+    let rec aux iter fs = function
+      | Dir { name; perm; children } ->
+        let dir = fs / name in
+        Path.mkdir ~perm dir;
+        iter (aux List.iter dir) children
+      | File { name; size; perm } ->
+        let buf = Cstruct.create (Int64.to_int size) in
+        Path.with_open_out ~create:(`If_missing perm) (fs / name) (fun oc ->
+            Eio.Flow.write oc [ buf ]
+          )
+    in
+    aux Fiber.List.iter fs t
+end
+
+let with_tmp_dir ~fs prefix suffix fn =
+  Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+  let dir = fs / Filename.temp_dir prefix suffix in
+  Switch.on_release sw (fun () -> Path.rmtree dir);
+  fn dir
+
+let bench_stat root =
+  let rec aux level dir =
+    let { Eio.File.Stat.kind; perm; size; _ } = Path.stat ~follow:false dir in
+    match kind with
+    | `Directory ->
+      let items = Path.read_dir dir in
+      let map = if level > 3 then List.map else Fiber.List.map ?max_fibers:None in
+      let children = items |> map (fun f -> aux (level + 1) (dir / f)) in
+      let name = Path.native_exn dir |> Filename.basename in
+      Bench_dir.Dir { name; perm; children }
+    | `Regular_file ->
+      let name = Path.native_exn dir |> Filename.basename in
+      File { name; perm; size = Optint.Int63.to_int64 size }
+    | _ -> assert false
+  in
+  aux 1 root
+
+let file name = Bench_dir.File { name; perm = 0o644; size = 128L }
+let dir name children = Bench_dir.Dir { name; perm = 0o700; children }
+
+let random_bench_dir ~n ~levels =
+  if levels < 1 then invalid_arg "Levels should be >= 1";
+  let rec loop root = function
+    | 1 -> (
+        match root with
+        | Bench_dir.Dir d ->
+          let leaf_files = List.init n (fun i -> file (Fmt.str "test-file-%i-%i" 1 i)) in
+          Bench_dir.Dir { d with children = leaf_files }
+        | _ -> failwith "Root is always expected to be a directory"
+      )
+    | level ->
+      match root with
+      | Bench_dir.Dir d ->
+        let files = List.init n (fun i -> file (Fmt.str "test-file-%i-%i" level i)) in
+        let dirs = List.init n (fun i -> dir (Fmt.str "test-dir-%i-%i" level i) []) in 
+        let dirs = List.map (fun dir -> loop dir (level - 1)) dirs in
+        Bench_dir.Dir { d with children = dirs @ files }
+      | _ -> failwith "Root is always expected to be directory"
+  in
+  loop (dir "root" []) levels
+
+let run_bench ~n ~levels ~root ~clock =
+  let dir = random_bench_dir ~levels ~n |> Bench_dir.sort in
+  traceln "Going to create %i files and directories" (Bench_dir.size dir);
+  let create_time =
+    let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    Bench_dir.make root dir;
+    let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    t1 -. t0
+  in
+  traceln "Created in %.2f s" create_time;
+  let bench () =
+    Gc.full_major ();
+    let stat0 = Gc.stat () in
+    let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    let res = bench_stat root in
+    let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    let stat1 = Gc.stat () in
+    match Bench_dir.sort res with
+    | Dir { children = [ dir' ]; _ } ->
+      assert (dir = dir');
+      let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
+      let minor_total = stat1.minor_words -. stat0.minor_words in
+      let major_total = stat1.major_words -. stat0.major_words in
+      time_total, minor_total, major_total
+    | _ -> failwith "Stat not the same as the spec"
+  in
+  let time, minor, major = bench () in
+  traceln "Statted in %.2f s" time;
+  let remove_time =
+    let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    let root = root / "root" in
+    Eio.Path.read_dir root |> Fiber.List.iter (fun item -> Eio.Path.rmtree (root / item));
+    Eio.Path.rmdir root;
+    let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    t1 -. t0
+  in
+  traceln "Removed in %.2f s" remove_time;
+  [ 
+    Metric.create "create-time" (`Float (1e3 *. create_time)) "ms" (Fmt.str "Time to create %i files and directories" (Bench_dir.size dir));
+    Metric.create "stat-time" (`Float (1e3 *. time)) "ms" (Fmt.str "Time to stat %i files and directories" (Bench_dir.size dir));
+    Metric.create "stat-minor" (`Float (1e-3 *. minor)) "kwords" (Fmt.str "Minor words allocated to stat %i files and directories" (Bench_dir.size dir));
+    Metric.create "stat-major" (`Float (1e-3 *. major)) "kwords" (Fmt.str "Major words allocated  %i files and directories" (Bench_dir.size dir));
+    Metric.create "remove-time" (`Float (1e3 *. remove_time)) "ms" "Time to remove everything";
+  ]
+
+let run env =
+  let fs = Eio.Stdenv.fs env in
+  let clock = Eio.Stdenv.clock env in
+  with_tmp_dir ~fs "eio-bench-" "-stat" @@ fun root ->
+  run_bench ~n:20 ~levels:4 ~root ~clock

bench/bench_stream.ml

@@ -1,49 +1,90 @@
+(* Some sender domains each run a bunch of fibers submitting items to a stream.
+   Some receiver domains each run a single fiber accepting items from the stream.
+   It also tests the single-domain case. *)
+
 open Eio.Std
 
-let run_sender ~n_iters stream =
-  for i = 1 to n_iters do
-    Eio.Stream.add stream i
+let n_sender_fibers = 10        (* Concurrent sending fibers per sending domain *)
+
+(* Simulate other work in the domain, and also prevent it from going to sleep.
+   Otherwise, we're just measuring how long it takes the OS to wake a sleeping thread. *)
+let rec spin () =
+  Fiber.yield ();
+  spin ()
+
+(* [n_fibers] fibers each send values [1..n_iters] to [stream]. *)
+let run_sender ~n_fibers ~n_iters stream =
+  Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+  Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw spin;
+  for _ = 1 to n_fibers do
+    Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () ->
+        for i = 1 to n_iters do
+          Eio.Stream.add stream i
+        done
+      )
   done
 
-let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~capacity =
+(* Read [n_iters] values from [stream] and add them to [total] (at the end). *)
+let run_recv ~n_iters ~total stream =
+  Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+  Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw spin;
+  let rec aux acc = function
+    | 0 -> acc
+    | i -> aux (acc + Eio.Stream.take stream) (i - 1) in
+  ignore (Atomic.fetch_and_add total (aux 0 n_iters) : int)
+
+(* Run the tests using [n_sender_domains] additional domains to send (0 to send
+   and receive in a single domain). When [n_sender_domains > 0], we also use
+   that many receiver domains. *)
+let run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~n_send_domains ~n_iters ~capacity =
     let stream = Eio.Stream.create capacity in
+    let total = Atomic.make 0 in                (* Total received (sanity check at the end) *)
+    let n_senders = max 1 n_send_domains in
+    let n_iters_total = (* Total number of items to be sent through [stream] *)
+      n_iters * n_sender_fibers * n_senders
+    in
     Gc.full_major ();
-    let _minor0, prom0, _major0 = Gc.counters () in
     let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
-    Fiber.both
-      (fun () ->
-         if use_domains then (
-           Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr @@ fun () ->
-           run_sender ~n_iters stream
-         ) else (
-           run_sender ~n_iters stream
-         )
-      )
-      (fun () ->
-         for i = 1 to n_iters do
-           let j = Eio.Stream.take stream in
-           assert (i = j)
-         done
+    Switch.run (fun sw ->
+        let run_sender () = run_sender ~n_fibers:n_sender_fibers ~n_iters stream in
+        if n_send_domains > 0 then (
+          for _ = 1 to n_send_domains do
+            Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () -> Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr run_sender)
+          done
+        ) else (
+          Fiber.fork ~sw run_sender
+        );
+        let run_recv () = run_recv ~n_iters:(n_iters * n_sender_fibers) ~total stream in
+        for _ = 1 to n_senders - 1 do
+          Fiber.fork ~sw @@ fun () ->
+          Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr run_recv
+        done;
+        Fiber.fork ~sw run_recv
       );
     let t1 = Eio.Time.now clock in
+    let total = Atomic.get total in
+    let expected_total = n_senders * n_sender_fibers * (n_iters * (1 + n_iters) / 2) in
+    assert (total = expected_total);
     let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
-    let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters in
-    let _minor1, prom1, _major1 = Gc.counters () in
-    let prom = prom1 -. prom0 in
-    Printf.printf "%11b, %8d, %8d, %7.2f, %13.4f\n%!" use_domains n_iters capacity (1e9 *. time_per_iter) (prom /. float n_iters)
+    let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_iters_total in
+    Metric.create
+      (Printf.sprintf "sender-domains:%d iterations:%d capacity:%d" n_send_domains n_iters capacity)
+      (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns"
+      "Time to transmit one item over the stream"
 
 let main ~domain_mgr ~clock =
-  Printf.printf "use_domains,  n_iters, capacity, ns/iter, promoted/iter\n%!";
-  [false, 10_000_000;
-   true,   1_000_000]
-  |> List.iter (fun (use_domains, n_iters) ->
-      [0; 1; 10; 100; 1000] |> List.iter (fun capacity ->
-          run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~use_domains ~n_iters ~capacity
+  [0, 100_000;
+   1, 100_000;
+   2, 100_000;
+   4, 100_000;
+  ]
+  |> List.concat_map (fun (n_send_domains, n_iters) ->
+      [0; 1; 100] |> List.map (fun capacity ->
+          run_bench ~domain_mgr ~clock ~n_send_domains ~n_iters ~capacity
         )
     )
 
-let () =
-  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+let run env =
   main
     ~domain_mgr:(Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env)
     ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/bench_systhread.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+(* Measure the overhead of [Eio_unix.run_in_systhread]. *)
+
+open Eio.Std
+
+let n_iters = 1000
+
+let do_syscall () = ignore (Unix.getuid () : int)
+
+let work () =
+  for _ = 1 to n_iters do
+    Eio_unix.run_in_systhread do_syscall
+  done
+
+(* Return the average time for one call to [getuid]. *)
+let run_domain ~fibers =
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  Switch.run ~name:"run_domain" (fun sw ->
+      for _ = 1 to fibers do
+        Fiber.fork ~sw work
+      done
+    );
+  let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  (t1 -. t0) /. float n_iters
+
+let time ~domain_mgr ~baseline ~domains ~fibers =
+  let overhead t = t /. baseline in
+  let name = Printf.sprintf "domains:%d fibers:%d" domains fibers in
+  (* Work-around for https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/issues/12948 *)
+  let main_done, set_main_done = Promise.create () in
+  Switch.run ~name @@ fun sw ->
+  let times =
+    List.init (domains - 1) (fun _ ->
+        Fiber.fork_promise ~sw (fun () ->
+            Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr (fun () ->
+                let r = run_domain ~fibers in
+                Promise.await main_done;
+                r
+              )
+          )
+      )
+  in
+  let my_time = run_domain ~fibers in
+  Promise.resolve set_main_done ();     (* Allow Domain.join to be called *)
+  let times =
+    my_time :: List.map Promise.await_exn times
+    |> List.map (fun t -> t *. 1e6)
+  in
+  traceln "%s" name;
+  times |> List.iteri (fun i t ->
+      traceln "%d: %.2f us (%.1f times slower)" i t (overhead t)
+    );
+  let avg = (List.fold_left (+.) 0. times) /. float domains in
+  Metric.create name (`Float avg) "us" name
+
+let run env =
+  let domain_mgr = env#domain_mgr in
+  let baseline =
+    Eio.Private.Trace.with_span "baseline" @@ fun () ->
+    let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    for _ = 1 to n_iters do
+      do_syscall ()
+    done;
+    let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    ((t1 -. t0) /. float n_iters) *. 1e6
+  in
+  traceln "baseline (no systhreads): %.2f us" baseline;
+  let results =
+    [
+      time ~domains:1 ~fibers:1;
+      time ~domains:1 ~fibers:2;
+      time ~domains:1 ~fibers:4;
+      time ~domains:4 ~fibers:1;
+    ]
+    |> List.map (fun f -> f ~domain_mgr ~baseline)
+  in
+  Metric.create "blocking" (`Float baseline) "us" "baseline" :: results

bench/bench_yield.ml

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 open Eio.Std
 
-let n_fibers = [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 100; 500; 1000; 10000]
+let n_fibers = [1; 2; (* 3; 4; 5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50; *) 100; 500; 1000; 10000]
 
 let main ~clock =
-  Printf.printf "n_fibers, ns/iter, promoted/iter\n%!";
-  n_fibers |> List.iter (fun n_fibers ->
+  n_fibers |> List.map (fun n_fibers ->
       let n_iters = 1000000 / n_fibers in
       Gc.full_major ();
-      let _minor0, prom0, _major0 = Gc.counters () in
       let t0 = Eio.Time.now clock in
       Switch.run (fun sw ->
           for _ = 1 to n_fibers do
@@ -22,11 +20,10 @@ let main ~clock =
       let time_total = t1 -. t0 in
       let n_total = n_fibers * n_iters in
       let time_per_iter = time_total /. float n_total in
-      let _minor1, prom1, _major1 = Gc.counters () in
-      let prom = prom1 -. prom0 in
-      Printf.printf "%8d, % 7.2f, % 13.4f\n%!" n_fibers (1e9 *. time_per_iter) (prom /. float n_total)
+      Metric.create
+        (Printf.sprintf "fibers:%d" n_fibers)
+        (`Float (1e9 *. time_per_iter)) "ns" "Time to yield"
     )
 
-let () =
-  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+let run env =
   main ~clock:(Eio.Stdenv.clock env)

bench/dune

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
-(executables
-  (names bench_stream bench_promise bench_semaphore bench_yield bench_cancel)
-  (libraries eio_main))
+; This should be an executable, but dune won't let us associate non-installed executables
+; to packages, so we use this work-around.
+(test
+  (name main)
+  (package eio_main)
+  (deps ./main.exe)
+  (action (progn))  ; Don't run as a test
+  (libraries eio_main yojson))

bench/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let benchmarks = [
+  "Promise", Bench_promise.run;
+  "Cancel", Bench_cancel.run;
+  "Buf_read", Bench_buf_read.run;
+  "Condition", Bench_condition.run;
+  "Fiber.yield", Bench_yield.run;
+  "Mutex", Bench_mutex.run;
+  "Semaphore", Bench_semaphore.run;
+  "Stream", Bench_stream.run;
+  "HTTP", Bench_http.run;
+  "Eio_unix.Fd", Bench_fd.run;
+  "File.stat", Bench_fstat.run;
+  "Path.stat", Bench_stat.run;
+  "Flow.copy", Bench_copy.run;
+  "Eio_unix.run_in_systhread", Bench_systhread.run;
+]
+
+let usage_error () =
+  let names = List.map fst benchmarks in
+  Fmt.epr "Usage: main.exe [%a]@." Fmt.(list ~sep:(any " | ") string) names;
+  exit 1
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  traceln "Using %s backend" env#backend_id;
+  let benchmarks =
+    match Array.to_list Sys.argv with
+    | [_] -> benchmarks
+    | [_; name] ->
+      begin match List.assoc_opt name benchmarks with
+        | Some run -> [name, run]
+        | None ->
+          Fmt.epr "Unknown benchmark %S@." name;
+          usage_error ()
+      end
+    | _ -> usage_error ()
+  in
+  let run (name, fn) =
+    traceln "Running %s..." name;
+    let metrics = fn env in
+    `Assoc [
+      "name", `String name;
+      "metrics", `List metrics;
+    ]
+  in
+  (* The benchmark machine runs an old Docker that blocks pidfd_open *)
+  (* let uname = Eio.Process.parse_out env#process_mgr Eio.Buf_read.take_all ["uname"; "-a"] in *)
+  let uname =
+    let ch = Unix.open_process_in "uname -a" in
+    let x = input_line ch in
+    close_in ch;
+    x
+  in
+  Fmt.pr "%a@." (Yojson.Safe.pretty_print ~std:true) @@ `Assoc [
+    "config", `Assoc [
+      "uname", `String uname;
+      "backend", `String env#backend_id;
+      "recommended_domain_count", `Int (Domain.recommended_domain_count ());
+    ];
+    "results", `List (List.map run benchmarks);
+  ]

bench/metric.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+let create name value units description : Yojson.Safe.t =
+  `Assoc [
+    "name", `String name;
+    "value", (value :> Yojson.Safe.t);
+    "units", `String units;
+    "description", `String description;
+  ]

doc/dune

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 (mdx
   (package eio_main)
-  (packages eio_main)
-  (files multicore.md eio_null.md))
+  (deps (package eio_main) (env_var "EIO_BACKEND"))
+  (enabled_if (<> %{os_type} "Win32"))
+  (files multicore.md))

doc/eio_null.md

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-```ocaml
-# #require "eio.utils";;
-```
-
-# A dummy Eio backend with no actual effects
-
-This is very inefficient and not thread-safe, but it demonstrates the idea.
-A real backend would typically pass `main` some way to interact with it, like the other backends do.
-
-```ocaml
-open Eio.Std
-
-(* An Eio backend with no actual IO *)
-module Eio_null = struct
-  module Fiber_context = Eio.Private.Fiber_context
-  module Effect = Eio.Private.Effect    (* For compatibility with 4.12+domains *)
-
-  (* The scheduler could just return [unit], but this is clearer. *)
-  type exit = Exit_scheduler
-
-  type t = {
-    (* Suspended fibers waiting to run again.
-       A real system would probably use [Eio_utils.Lf_queue]. *)
-    mutable run_q : (unit -> exit) list;
-  }
-
-  (* Resume the next runnable fiber, if any. *)
-  let schedule t : exit =
-    match t.run_q with
-    | f :: fs -> t.run_q <- fs; f ()
-    | [] -> Exit_scheduler      (* Finished (or deadlocked) *)
-
-  (* Run [main] in an Eio main loop. *)
-  let run main =
-    let t = { run_q = [] } in
-    let rec fork ~new_fiber:fiber fn =
-      (* Create a new fiber and run [fn] in it. *)
-      Effect.Deep.match_with fn ()
-        { retc = (fun () -> Fiber_context.destroy fiber; schedule t);
-          exnc = (fun ex -> Fiber_context.destroy fiber; raise ex);
-          effc = fun (type a) (e : a Effect.t) : ((a, exit) Effect.Deep.continuation -> exit) option ->
-            match e with
-            | Eio.Private.Effects.Suspend f -> Some (fun k ->
-                (* Ask [f] to register whatever callbacks are needed to resume the fiber.
-                   e.g. it might register a callback with a promise, for when that's resolved. *)
-                f fiber (function
-                    (* The fiber is ready to run again. Add it to the queue. *)
-                    | Ok v -> t.run_q <- t.run_q @ [fun () -> Effect.Deep.continue k v]
-                    | Error ex -> t.run_q <- t.run_q @ [fun () -> Effect.Deep.discontinue k ex]
-                  );
-                (* Switch to the next runnable fiber while this one's blocked. *)
-                schedule t
-              )
-            | Eio.Private.Effects.Fork (new_fiber, f) -> Some (fun k ->
-                (* Arrange for the forking fiber to run immediately after the new one. *)
-                t.run_q <- Effect.Deep.continue k :: t.run_q;
-                (* Create and run the new fiber (using fiber context [new_fiber]). *)
-                fork ~new_fiber f
-              )
-            | Eio.Private.Effects.Get_context -> Some (fun k ->
-                Effect.Deep.continue k fiber
-              )
-            | Eio.Private.Effects.Trace -> Some (fun k ->
-                Effect.Deep.continue k Eio_utils.Trace.default_traceln
-              )
-            | _ -> None
-        }
-    in
-    let new_fiber = Fiber_context.make_root () in
-    let Exit_scheduler = fork ~new_fiber main in
-    ()
-end
-```
-
-It supports forking, tracing, suspending and cancellation:
-
-```ocaml
-# Eio_null.run @@ fun () ->
-  let s = Eio.Stream.create 1 in
-  try
-    Fiber.both
-      (fun () ->
-         for x = 1 to 3 do
-           traceln "Sending %d" x;
-           Eio.Stream.add s x
-         done;
-         raise Exit
-      )
-      (fun () ->
-         while true do
-           traceln "Got %d" (Eio.Stream.take s)
-         done
-      )
-  with Exit ->
-    traceln "Finished!";;
-+Sending 1
-+Sending 2
-+Got 1
-+Got 2
-+Sending 3
-+Got 3
-+Finished!
-- : unit = ()
-```

doc/multicore.md

@@ -4,21 +4,22 @@
 
 * [Introduction](#introduction)
 * [Problems with Multicore Programming](#problems-with-multicore-programming)
-  * [Optimisation 1: Caching](#optimisation-1-caching)
-  * [Optimisation 2: Out-of-Order Execution](#optimisation-2-out-of-order-execution)
-  * [Optimisation 3: Compiler Optimisations](#optimisation-3-compiler-optimisations)
-  * [Optimisation 4: Multiple Cores](#optimisation-4-multiple-cores)
+    * [Optimisation 1: Caching](#optimisation-1-caching)
+    * [Optimisation 2: Out-of-Order Execution](#optimisation-2-out-of-order-execution)
+    * [Optimisation 3: Compiler Optimisations](#optimisation-3-compiler-optimisations)
+    * [Optimisation 4: Multiple Cores](#optimisation-4-multiple-cores)
 * [The OCaml Memory Model](#the-ocaml-memory-model)
-  * [Atomic Locations](#atomic-locations)
-  * [Initialisation](#initialisation)
-* [Guidelines](#guidelines)
+    * [Atomic Locations](#atomic-locations)
+    * [Initialisation](#initialisation)
+* [Safety Guidelines](#safety-guidelines)
+* [Performance Guidelines](#performance-guidelines)
 * [Further Reading](#further-reading)
 
 <!-- vim-markdown-toc -->
 
 ## Introduction
 
-OCaml 5.00 adds support for using multiple CPU cores in a single OCaml process.
+OCaml 5.0 adds support for using multiple CPU cores in a single OCaml process.
 An OCaml process is made up of one or more *domains*, and
 the operating system can run each domain on a different core, so that they run in parallel.
 This can make programs run much faster, but also introduces new ways for programs to go wrong.
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ Before we start, we'll define a wrapper around `Eio_main.run` for the examples b
     Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
     let domain_mgr = Eio.Stdenv.domain_mgr env in
     fn (Eio.Domain_manager.run domain_mgr);;
-val run : (((unit -> 'a) -> 'a) -> unit) -> unit = <fun>
+val run : (((unit -> 'a) -> 'a) -> 'b) -> 'b = <fun>
 ```
 
 ## Problems with Multicore Programming
@@ -446,7 +447,7 @@ So it will always see a correct list:
 - : unit = ()
 ```
 
-## Guidelines
+## Safety Guidelines
 
 It's important to understand the above to avoid writing incorrect code,
 but there are several general principles that avoid most problems:
@@ -502,6 +503,28 @@ Finally, note that OCaml remains type-safe even with multiple domains.
 For example, accessing a `Queue` in parallel from multiple domains may result in a corrupted queue,
 but it won't cause a segfault.
 
+## Performance Guidelines
+
+The following recommendations will help you extract as much performance as possible from your hardware:
+
+- There's a certain overhead associated with placing execution onto another domain,
+  but that overhead will be paid off quickly if your job takes at least a few milliseconds to complete.
+  Jobs that complete under 2-5ms may not be worth running on a separate domain.
+- Similarly, jobs that are 100% I/O-bound may not be worth running on a separate domain.
+  The small initial overhead is simply never recouped.
+- If your program never hits 100% CPU usage, it's unlikely that parallelizing it will improve performance.
+- Try to avoid reading or writing to memory that's modified by other domains after the start of your job.
+  Ideally, your jobs shouldn't need to interact with other domains' "working data".
+  Aim to make your jobs as independent as possible.
+  If unavoidable, the [Saturn](https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/saturn) library offers a collection of efficient threadsafe data structures.
+- It's often easier to design code to be multithreading friendly from the start
+  (by making longer, independent jobs) than by refactoring existing code.
+- There's a cost associated with creating a domain, so try to use the same domains for longer periods of time.
+  `Eio.Executor_pool` takes care of this automatically.
+- Obviously, reuse the same executor pool whenever possible! Don't recreate it over and over.
+- Having a large number of domains active at the same time imposes additional overhead on
+  both the OS scheduler and the OCaml runtime, even if those domains are idle.
+
 ## Further Reading
 
 - [OCaml Memory Model][] describes the full details of the memory model.

doc/prelude.ml

@@ -1,40 +1,34 @@
 #require "eio_main";;
+#require "eio.mock";;
 
 module Eio_main = struct
   open Eio.Std
 
-  let now = ref 1623940778.27033591
-
-  let fake_clock real_clock = object (_ : #Eio.Time.clock)
-    method now = !now
-    method sleep_until time =
-      (* The fake times are all in the past, so we just ask to wait until the
-         fake time is due and it will happen immediately. If we wait for
-         multiple times, they'll get woken in the right order. At the moment,
-         the scheduler only checks for expired timers when the run-queue is
-         empty, so this is a convenient way to wait for the system to be idle.
-         Will need revising if we make the scheduler fair at some point. *)
-      Eio.Time.sleep_until real_clock time;
-      now := max !now time
+  module Fake_clock = struct
+    type time = float
+    type t = unit
+    let sleep_until () _time = failwith "No sleeping in tests!"
+    let now _ = 1623940778.27033591
   end
 
-  (* To avoid non-deterministic output, we run the examples a single domain. *)
-  let fake_domain_mgr = object (_ : #Eio.Domain_manager.t)
-    method run fn = fn ()
-    method run_raw fn = fn ()
-  end
-
-  (* https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/issues/10324 *)
-  let dontcrash = Sys.opaque_identity
+  let fake_clock =
+    let handler = Eio.Time.Pi.clock (module Fake_clock) in
+    Eio.Resource.T ((), handler)
 
   let run fn =
+    (* To avoid non-deterministic output, we run the examples a single domain. *)
+    let fake_domain_mgr = Eio_mock.Domain_manager.create () in
     Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
     fn @@ object
-      method net        = dontcrash env#net
-      method stdin      = dontcrash env#stdin
-      method stdout     = dontcrash env#stdout
-      method cwd        = dontcrash env#cwd
-      method domain_mgr = fake_domain_mgr
-      method clock      = fake_clock env#clock
+      method net         = env#net
+      method stdin       = env#stdin
+      method stdout      = env#stdout
+      method stderr      = env#stderr
+      method cwd         = env#cwd
+      method process_mgr = env#process_mgr
+      method domain_mgr  = fake_domain_mgr
+      method clock       = fake_clock
     end
 end
+
+let parse_config (flow : _ Eio.Flow.source) = ignore

doc/rationale.md

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ For example, there are many ways to provide a stream of bytes (from a file, TCP
 Often this choice is determined by the user at runtime, for example by providing a URL giving the scheme to use.
 We may even need to choose a completely different Eio backend at runtime.
 For example `Eio_main.run` will use the io_uring backend if the Linux kernel is new enough,
-but fall back to `Eio_luv` if not.
+but fall back to `Eio_posix` if not.
 For these reasons, Eio needs to use dynamic dispatch.
 
 A resource whose implementation isn't known until runtime can be represented in many ways, including:
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ For dynamic dispatch with subtyping, objects seem to be the best choice:
   An object uses a single block to store the object's fields and a pointer to the shared method table.
 
 - First-class modules and GADTs are an advanced feature of the language.
-  The new users we hope to attract to OCaml 5.00 are likely to be familiar with objects already.
+  The new users we hope to attract to OCaml 5.0 are likely to be familiar with objects already.
 
 - It is possible to provide base classes with default implementations of some methods.
   This can allow adding new operations to the API in future without breaking existing providers.
@@ -133,21 +133,35 @@ For dynamic dispatch with subtyping, objects seem to be the best choice:
 In general, simulating objects using other features of the language leads to worse performance
 and worse ergonomics than using the language's built-in support.
 
-In Eio, we split the provider and consumer APIs:
+However, in order for Eio to be widely accepted in the OCaml community,
+we no longer use of objects and instead use a pair of a value and a function for looking up interfaces.
+There is a problem here, because each interface has a different type,
+so the function's return type depends on its input (the interface ID).
+This requires using a GADT. However, GADT's don't support sub-typing.
+To get around this, we use an extensible GADT to get the correct typing
+(but which will raise an exception if the interface isn't supported),
+and then wrap this with a polymorphic variant phantom type to help ensure
+it is used correctly.
 
-- To *provide* a flow, you implement an object type.
-- To *use* a flow, you call a function (e.g. `Flow.close`).
+This system gives the same performance as using objects and without requiring allocation.
+However, care is needed when defining new interfaces,
+since the compiler can't check that the resource really implements all the interfaces its phantom type suggests.
 
-The functions mostly just call the corresponding method on the object.
-If you call object methods directly in OCaml then you tend to get poor compiler error messages.
-This is because OCaml can only refer to the object types by listing the methods you seem to want to use.
-Using functions avoids this, because the function signature specifies the type of its argument,
-allowing type inference to work as for non-object code.
-In this way, users of Eio can be largely unaware that objects are being used at all.
+## Results vs Exceptions
 
-The function wrappers can also provide extra checks that the API is being followed correctly,
-such as asserting that a read does not return 0 bytes,
-or add extra convenience functions without forcing every implementor to add them too.
+The OCaml standard library uses exceptions to report errors in most cases.
+Many libraries instead use the `result` type, which has the advantage of tracking the possible errors in the type system.
+However, using `result` is slower, as it requires more allocations, and explicit code to propagate errors.
 
-Note that the use of objects in Eio is not motivated by the use of the "Object Capabilities" security model.
-Despite the name, that is not specific to objects at all.
+As part of the effects work, OCaml is expected to gain a [typed effects][] extension to the type system,
+allowing it to track both effects and exceptions statically.
+In anticipation of this, the Eio library prefers to use exceptions in most cases,
+reserving the use of `result` for cases where the caller is likely to want to handle the problem immediately
+rather than propagate it.
+
+In additional, while result types work well
+for functions with a small number of known errors which can be handled at the call-site,
+they work poorly for IO errors where there are typically a large and unknown set of possible errors
+(depending on the backend).
+
+[typed effects]: https://www.janestreet.com/tech-talks/effective-programming/

doc/trace.svg

@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
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+<g clip-path="url(#clip11)" clip-rule="nonzero">
+<g style="fill:rgb(0%,0%,0%);fill-opacity:1;">
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+</g>
+</g>
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+<path style="fill:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke:rgb(0%,0%,0%);stroke-opacity:1;stroke-miterlimit:10;" d="M 899.039062 49 L 899.039062 43 "/>
+<g clip-path="url(#clip12)" clip-rule="nonzero">
+<g style="fill:rgb(0%,0%,0%);fill-opacity:1;">
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+<path style="fill:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke:rgb(0%,0%,0%);stroke-opacity:1;stroke-miterlimit:10;" d="M 1138.78125 36 L 1142.78125 36 L 1142.78125 160 L 1138.78125 160 "/>
+<g style="fill:rgb(0%,0%,0%);fill-opacity:1;">
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+</g>
+<path style="fill:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke:rgb(0%,0%,0%);stroke-opacity:1;stroke-miterlimit:10;" d="M 1177.296875 49 L 1177.296875 43 "/>
+<g clip-path="url(#clip13)" clip-rule="nonzero">
+<g style="fill:rgb(0%,0%,0%);fill-opacity:1;">
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+  <use xlink:href="#glyph1-13" x="1243.714844" y="44"/>
+</g>
+</g>
+<path style="fill:none;stroke-width:1;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke:rgb(40%,80%,40%);stroke-opacity:1;stroke-miterlimit:10;" d="M 10.746094 46 L 10.746094 60 "/>
+</g>
+</svg>

dune

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 (mdx
   (package eio_main)
-  (packages eio_main)
+  (deps (package eio_main) (package kcas) (env_var "EIO_BACKEND"))
   (preludes doc/prelude.ml)
+  (enabled_if (<> %{os_type} "Win32"))
   (files README.md))

dune-project

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-(lang dune 2.9)
+(lang dune 3.9)
 (name eio)
 (formatting disabled)
+(subst disabled)
 (generate_opam_files true)
 (source (github ocaml-multicore/eio))
 (license ISC)
@@ -11,48 +12,67 @@
  (name eio)
  (synopsis "Effect-based direct-style IO API for OCaml")
  (description "An effect-based IO API for multicore OCaml with fibers.")
+ (conflicts (seq (< 0.3)))
  (depends
-  (ocaml (>= 4.12.0))
-  base-domains
+  (ocaml (>= 5.2.0))
+  (bigstringaf (>= 0.9.0))
   (cstruct (>= 6.0.1))
   lwt-dllist
   (optint (>= 0.1.0))
   (psq (>= 0.2.0))
   (fmt (>= 0.8.9))
-  (astring (and (>= 0.8.5) :with-test))
+  (hmap (>= 0.8.1))
+  (domain-local-await (>= 0.1.0))
   (crowbar (and (>= 0.2) :with-test))
-  (mtime (>= 1.2.0))
-  (alcotest (and (>= 1.4.0) :with-test))))
+  (mtime (>= 2.0.0))
+  (mdx (and (>= 2.4.1) :with-test))
+  (dscheck (and (>= 0.1.0) :with-test))))
 (package
  (name eio_linux)
  (synopsis "Eio implementation for Linux using io-uring")
- (description "An eio implementation for Linux using io-uring.")
+ (description "An Eio implementation for Linux using io-uring.")
+ (allow_empty)  ; Work-around for dune bug #6938
  (depends
-  (alcotest (and (>= 1.4.0) :with-test))
-  base-domains
+  (alcotest (and (>= 1.7.0) :with-test))
   (eio (= :version))
-  (mdx (and (>= 1.10.0) :with-test))
-  (logs (>= 0.7.0))
+  (mdx (and (>= 2.4.1) :with-test))
+  (logs (and (>= 0.7.0) :with-test))
   (fmt (>= 0.8.9))
-  (uring (>= 0.3))))
+  (cmdliner (and (>= 1.1.0) :with-test))
+  (uring (>= 0.9))))
 (package
- (name eio_luv)
- (synopsis "Eio implementation using luv (libuv)")
- (description "An eio implementation for most platforms, using luv.")
+ (name eio_posix)
+ (allow_empty)  ; Work-around for dune bug #6938
+ (synopsis "Eio implementation for POSIX systems")
+ (description "An Eio implementation for most Unix-like platforms")
  (depends
-  base-domains
   (eio (= :version))
-  (luv (>= 0.5.11))
-  (luv_unix (>= 0.5.0))
-  (mdx (and (>= 1.10.0) :with-test))
-  (logs (>= 0.7.0))
+  (iomux (>= 0.2))
+  (mdx (and (>= 2.4.1) :with-test))
+  (conf-bash :with-test)
   (fmt (>= 0.8.9))))
+(package
+ (name eio_windows)
+ (synopsis "Eio implementation for Windows")
+ (description "An Eio implementation using OCaml's Unix.select")
+ (allow_empty)  ; Work-around for dune bug #6938
+ (depends
+  (eio (= :version))
+  (fmt (>= 0.8.9))
+  (kcas (and (>= 0.3.0) :with-test))
+  (alcotest (and (>= 1.7.0) :with-test))))
 (package
  (name eio_main)
  (synopsis "Effect-based direct-style IO mainloop for OCaml")
  (description "Selects an appropriate Eio backend for the current platform.")
  (depends
-  (eio_linux (and (= :version) (= :os "linux")))
-  (mdx (and (>= 1.10.0) :with-test))
-  (eio_luv (= :version))))
-(using mdx 0.1)
+  (mdx (and (>= 2.4.1) :with-test))
+  (kcas (and (>= 0.3.0) :with-test))
+  (yojson (and (>= 2.0.2) :with-test))
+  (eio_linux (and
+               (= :version)
+               (= :os "linux")
+               (or (<> :os-distribution "centos") (> :os-version 7))))
+  (eio_posix (and (= :version) (<> :os "win32")))
+  (eio_windows (and (= :version) (= :os "win32")))))
+(using mdx 0.2)

eio.opam

@@ -9,22 +9,26 @@ homepage: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio"
 doc: "https://ocaml-multicore.github.io/eio/"
 bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio/issues"
 depends: [
-  "dune" {>= "2.9"}
-  "ocaml" {>= "4.12.0"}
-  "base-domains"
+  "dune" {>= "3.9"}
+  "ocaml" {>= "5.2.0"}
+  "bigstringaf" {>= "0.9.0"}
   "cstruct" {>= "6.0.1"}
   "lwt-dllist"
   "optint" {>= "0.1.0"}
   "psq" {>= "0.2.0"}
   "fmt" {>= "0.8.9"}
-  "astring" {>= "0.8.5" & with-test}
+  "hmap" {>= "0.8.1"}
+  "domain-local-await" {>= "0.1.0"}
   "crowbar" {>= "0.2" & with-test}
-  "mtime" {>= "1.2.0"}
-  "alcotest" {>= "1.4.0" & with-test}
+  "mtime" {>= "2.0.0"}
+  "mdx" {>= "2.4.1" & with-test}
+  "dscheck" {>= "0.1.0" & with-test}
   "odoc" {with-doc}
 ]
+conflicts: [
+  "seq" {< "0.3"}
+]
 build: [
-  ["dune" "subst"] {dev}
   [
     "dune"
     "build"
@@ -32,11 +36,9 @@ build: [
     name
     "-j"
     jobs
-    "--promote-install-files=false"
     "@install"
     "@runtest" {with-test}
     "@doc" {with-doc}
   ]
-  ["dune" "install" "-p" name "--create-install-files" name]
 ]
 dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git"

eio_linux.opam

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This file is generated by dune, edit dune-project instead
 opam-version: "2.0"
 synopsis: "Eio implementation for Linux using io-uring"
-description: "An eio implementation for Linux using io-uring."
+description: "An Eio implementation for Linux using io-uring."
 maintainer: ["anil@recoil.org"]
 authors: ["Anil Madhavapeddy" "Thomas Leonard"]
 license: "ISC"
@@ -9,18 +9,17 @@ homepage: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio"
 doc: "https://ocaml-multicore.github.io/eio/"
 bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio/issues"
 depends: [
-  "dune" {>= "2.9"}
-  "alcotest" {>= "1.4.0" & with-test}
-  "base-domains"
+  "dune" {>= "3.9"}
+  "alcotest" {>= "1.7.0" & with-test}
   "eio" {= version}
-  "mdx" {>= "1.10.0" & with-test}
-  "logs" {>= "0.7.0"}
+  "mdx" {>= "2.4.1" & with-test}
+  "logs" {>= "0.7.0" & with-test}
   "fmt" {>= "0.8.9"}
-  "uring" {>= "0.3"}
+  "cmdliner" {>= "1.1.0" & with-test}
+  "uring" {>= "0.9"}
   "odoc" {with-doc}
 ]
 build: [
-  ["dune" "subst"] {dev}
   [
     "dune"
     "build"
@@ -28,11 +27,10 @@ build: [
     name
     "-j"
     jobs
-    "--promote-install-files=false"
     "@install"
     "@runtest" {with-test}
     "@doc" {with-doc}
   ]
-  ["dune" "install" "-p" name "--create-install-files" name]
 ]
 dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git"
+available: [os = "linux"]

eio_linux.opam.template

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+available: [os = "linux"]

eio_main.opam

@@ -9,14 +9,18 @@ homepage: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio"
 doc: "https://ocaml-multicore.github.io/eio/"
 bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio/issues"
 depends: [
-  "dune" {>= "2.9"}
-  "eio_linux" {= version & os = "linux"}
-  "mdx" {>= "1.10.0" & with-test}
-  "eio_luv" {= version}
+  "dune" {>= "3.9"}
+  "mdx" {>= "2.4.1" & with-test}
+  "kcas" {>= "0.3.0" & with-test}
+  "yojson" {>= "2.0.2" & with-test}
+  "eio_linux"
+    {= version & os = "linux" &
+     (os-distribution != "centos" | os-version > "7")}
+  "eio_posix" {= version & os != "win32"}
+  "eio_windows" {= version & os = "win32"}
   "odoc" {with-doc}
 ]
 build: [
-  ["dune" "subst"] {dev}
   [
     "dune"
     "build"
@@ -24,11 +28,10 @@ build: [
     name
     "-j"
     jobs
-    "--promote-install-files=false"
     "@install"
     "@runtest" {with-test}
     "@doc" {with-doc}
   ]
-  ["dune" "install" "-p" name "--create-install-files" name]
 ]
 dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git"
+x-ci-accept-failures: ["macos-homebrew"]

eio_main.opam.template

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+x-ci-accept-failures: ["macos-homebrew"]

eio_posix.opam

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # This file is generated by dune, edit dune-project instead
 opam-version: "2.0"
-synopsis: "Eio implementation using luv (libuv)"
-description: "An eio implementation for most platforms, using luv."
+synopsis: "Eio implementation for POSIX systems"
+description: "An Eio implementation for most Unix-like platforms"
 maintainer: ["anil@recoil.org"]
 authors: ["Anil Madhavapeddy" "Thomas Leonard"]
 license: "ISC"
@@ -9,18 +9,15 @@ homepage: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio"
 doc: "https://ocaml-multicore.github.io/eio/"
 bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio/issues"
 depends: [
-  "dune" {>= "2.9"}
-  "base-domains"
+  "dune" {>= "3.9"}
   "eio" {= version}
-  "luv" {>= "0.5.11"}
-  "luv_unix" {>= "0.5.0"}
-  "mdx" {>= "1.10.0" & with-test}
-  "logs" {>= "0.7.0"}
+  "iomux" {>= "0.2"}
+  "mdx" {>= "2.4.1" & with-test}
+  "conf-bash" {with-test}
   "fmt" {>= "0.8.9"}
   "odoc" {with-doc}
 ]
 build: [
-  ["dune" "subst"] {dev}
   [
     "dune"
     "build"
@@ -28,11 +25,9 @@ build: [
     name
     "-j"
     jobs
-    "--promote-install-files=false"
     "@install"
     "@runtest" {with-test}
     "@doc" {with-doc}
   ]
-  ["dune" "install" "-p" name "--create-install-files" name]
 ]
 dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git"

eio_windows.opam

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# This file is generated by dune, edit dune-project instead
+opam-version: "2.0"
+synopsis: "Eio implementation for Windows"
+description: "An Eio implementation using OCaml's Unix.select"
+maintainer: ["anil@recoil.org"]
+authors: ["Anil Madhavapeddy" "Thomas Leonard"]
+license: "ISC"
+homepage: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio"
+doc: "https://ocaml-multicore.github.io/eio/"
+bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio/issues"
+depends: [
+  "dune" {>= "3.9"}
+  "eio" {= version}
+  "fmt" {>= "0.8.9"}
+  "kcas" {>= "0.3.0" & with-test}
+  "alcotest" {>= "1.7.0" & with-test}
+  "odoc" {with-doc}
+]
+build: [
+  [
+    "dune"
+    "build"
+    "-p"
+    name
+    "-j"
+    jobs
+    "@install"
+    "@runtest" {with-test}
+    "@doc" {with-doc}
+  ]
+]
+dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio.git"
+#available: [os = "win32"]

eio_windows.opam.template

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#available: [os = "win32"]

examples/both/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/both/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun _env ->
+  Fiber.both
+    (fun () -> for x = 1 to 3 do traceln "x = %d" x; Fiber.yield () done)
+    (fun () -> for y = 1 to 3 do traceln "y = %d" y; Fiber.yield () done)

examples/capsicum/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/capsicum/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let ( / ) = Eio.Path.( / )
+
+let test_eio dir =
+  traceln "Using the file-system via the directory resource works:";
+  let test_file = dir / "capsicum-test.txt" in
+  traceln "Writing %a..." Eio.Path.pp test_file;
+  Eio.Path.save test_file "A test file" ~create:(`Exclusive 0o644);
+  traceln "Read: %S" (Eio.Path.load test_file);
+  Eio.Path.unlink test_file
+  
+let test_legacy () =
+  traceln "Bypassing Eio and accessing other resources should fail in Capsicum mode:";
+  let ch = open_in "/etc/passwd" in 
+  let len = in_channel_length ch in 
+  let data = really_input_string ch len in
+  close_in ch;
+  traceln "Was able to read /etc/passwd:@.%s" (String.trim data)
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  (* Parse command-line arguments *)
+  let path =
+    match Sys.argv with
+    | [| _; dir |] -> Eio.Stdenv.fs env / dir
+    | _ -> failwith "Usage: main.exe DIR"
+  in 
+  if not (Eio.Path.is_directory path) then Fmt.failwith "%a is not a directory" Eio.Path.pp path;
+  (* Get access to resources before calling cap_enter: *)
+  Eio.Path.with_open_dir path @@ fun dir ->
+  traceln "Opened directory %a" Eio.Path.pp path;
+  (* Switch to capability mode, if possible: *)
+  begin match Eio_unix.Cap.enter () with
+  | Ok () -> traceln "Capsicum mode enabled"
+  | Error `Not_supported -> traceln "!! CAPSICUM PROTECTION NOT AVAILABLE !!"
+  end;
+  (* Run tests: *)
+  test_eio dir;
+  test_legacy ()

examples/fs/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/fs/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+(* Walk the directory tree rooted at the current directory,
+   showing a summary for any .mli files. *)
+
+let ( / ) = Eio.Path.( / )
+
+let is_doc_comment = String.starts_with ~prefix:"(** "
+
+(* Print the first line of [t]'s doc-comment, if any *)
+let scan_mli t f =
+  Eio.Path.with_lines t (fun lines ->
+      Seq.find is_doc_comment lines
+      |> Option.iter (fun line ->
+          let stop = String.index_from_opt line 4 '*' |> Option.value ~default:(String.length line) in
+          Format.fprintf f "%a: %s@." Eio.Path.pp t (String.sub line 4 (stop - 4))
+        )
+    )
+
+(* Walk the tree rooted at [t] and scan any .mli files found. *)
+let rec scan t f =
+  match Eio.Path.kind ~follow:false t with
+  | `Directory ->
+    Eio.Path.read_dir t |> List.iter (function
+        | "_build" | "_opam" -> ()                (* Don't examine these directories *)
+        | item when String.starts_with ~prefix:"." item -> () (* Skip hidden items *)
+        | item -> scan (t / item) f
+      )
+  | `Regular_file when Filename.check_suffix (snd t) ".mli" -> scan_mli t f
+  | _ -> ()
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  scan (Eio.Stdenv.cwd env) Format.std_formatter

examples/hello/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/hello/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+let main ~stdout =
+  Eio.Flow.copy_string "Hello, world!\n" stdout
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  main ~stdout:(Eio.Stdenv.stdout env)

examples/net/client.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+(* Prefix all trace output with "client: " *)
+let traceln fmt = traceln ("client: " ^^ fmt)
+
+module Read = Eio.Buf_read
+module Write = Eio.Buf_write
+
+(* Connect to [addr] on [net], send a message and then read the reply. *)
+let run ~net ~addr =
+  Switch.run ~name:"client" @@ fun sw ->
+  traceln "Connecting to server at %a..." Eio.Net.Sockaddr.pp addr;
+  let flow = Eio.Net.connect ~sw net addr in
+  (* We use a buffered writer here so we can create the message in multiple
+     steps but still send it efficiently as a single packet: *)
+  Write.with_flow flow @@ fun to_server ->
+  Write.string to_server "Hello";
+  Write.char to_server ' ';
+  Write.string to_server "from client\n";
+  let reply = Read.(parse_exn take_all) flow ~max_size:100 in
+  traceln "Got reply %S" reply

examples/net/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/net/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let addr = `Tcp (Eio.Net.Ipaddr.V4.loopback, 8080)
+
+(* Run a server and a test client, communicating using [net]. *)
+let main ~net =
+  Switch.run ~name:"main" @@ fun sw ->
+  (* We create the listening socket first so that we can be sure it is ready
+     as soon as the client wants to use it. *)
+  let listening_socket = Eio.Net.listen net ~sw ~reuse_addr:true ~backlog:5 addr in
+  (* Start the server running in a new fiber.
+     Using [fork_daemon] here means that it will be stopped once the client is done
+     (we don't wait for it to finish because it will keep accepting new connections forever). *)
+  Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw (fun () -> Server.run listening_socket);
+  (* Test the server: *)
+  Client.run ~net ~addr
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  main ~net:(Eio.Stdenv.net env)

examples/net/server.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+(* Prefix all trace output with "server: " *)
+let traceln fmt = traceln ("server: " ^^ fmt)
+
+module Read = Eio.Buf_read
+
+(* Read one line from [client] and respond with "OK". *)
+let handle_client flow addr =
+  traceln "Accepted connection from %a" Eio.Net.Sockaddr.pp addr;
+  (* We use a buffered reader because we may need to combine multiple reads
+     to get a single line (or we may get multiple lines in a single read,
+     although here we only use the first one). *)
+  let from_client = Read.of_flow flow ~max_size:100 in
+  traceln "Received: %S" (Read.line from_client);
+  Eio.Flow.copy_string "OK" flow
+
+(* Accept incoming client connections on [socket].
+   We can handle multiple clients at the same time.
+   Never returns (but can be cancelled). *)
+let run socket =
+  Eio.Net.run_server socket handle_client
+    ~on_error:(traceln "Error handling connection: %a" Fmt.exn)
+    ~max_connections:1000

examples/signals/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio_main))

examples/signals/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+open Eio.Std
+
+let load_config () =
+  (* A real system would load the file and then pass it to the running service
+     somehow, but we're just demonstrating signal handling so just sleep to
+     simulate some time taken to load the new configuration. *)
+  Eio_unix.sleep 2.0
+
+(* $MDX part-begin=main *)
+let main ~config_changed =
+  Eio.Condition.loop_no_mutex config_changed (fun () ->
+      traceln "Reading configuration ('kill -SIGHUP %d' to reload)..." (Unix.getpid ());
+      load_config ();
+      traceln "Finished reading configuration";
+      None      (* Keep waiting for futher changes *)
+    )
+(* $MDX part-end *)
+
+let () =
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun _env ->
+  let config_changed = Eio.Condition.create () in
+  let handle_signal (_signum : int) =
+    (* Warning: we're in a signal handler now.
+       Most operations are unsafe here, except for Eio.Condition.broadcast! *)
+    Eio.Condition.broadcast config_changed
+  in
+  Sys.set_signal Sys.sighup (Signal_handle handle_signal);
+  main ~config_changed

examples/trace/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+(executable
+  (name main)
+  (libraries eio.runtime_events eio_main))

examples/trace/main.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+(* This example shows how to trace an Eio program.
+
+   The [main] function creates a listening socket and has a client connect and send a message,
+   which is handled by a server fiber.
+
+   At the same time, another fiber is displaying trace events.
+   For simplicity, this example runs the tracer in the same process as the program being traced,
+   but typically they would be separate processes. *)
+
+open Eio.Std
+
+let callbacks =
+  Runtime_events.Callbacks.create ()
+    (* Uncomment to trace GC events too: *)
+(*
+      ~runtime_begin:(handle (fun f phase -> Fmt.pf f "begin %s" (Runtime_events.runtime_phase_name phase)))
+      ~runtime_end:(handle (fun f phase -> Fmt.pf f "end %s" (Runtime_events.runtime_phase_name phase)))
+*)
+    ~lost_events:(fun ring n -> traceln "ring %d lost %d events" ring n)
+  |> Eio_runtime_events.add_callbacks
+    (fun ring ts e ->
+       (* Note: don't use traceln here, as it will just generate more log events! *)
+       Fmt.epr "%9Ld:ring %d: %a@." (Runtime_events.Timestamp.to_int64 ts) ring Eio_runtime_events.pp_event e
+    )
+    (* (see lib_eio/runtime_events/eio_runtime_events.mli for more event types) *)
+
+(* Read and display trace events from [cursor] until [finished]. *)
+let trace ~finished (clock, delay) cursor =
+  traceln "tracer: starting";
+  let rec aux () =
+    let _ : int = Runtime_events.read_poll cursor callbacks None in
+    if !finished then (
+      traceln "tracer: stopping"
+    ) else (
+      Eio.Time.Mono.sleep clock delay;
+      aux ()
+    )
+  in
+  aux ()
+
+(* The program to be traced. *)
+let main net =
+  Switch.run ~name:"main" @@ fun sw ->
+  let addr = `Tcp (Eio.Net.Ipaddr.V4.loopback, 8123) in
+  let s = Eio.Net.listen ~sw ~backlog:1 ~reuse_addr:true net addr in
+  Fiber.both
+    (fun () ->
+       traceln "server: starting";
+       let c, _addr = Eio.Net.accept ~sw s in
+       traceln "server: got connection from client";
+       let msg = Eio.Flow.read_all c in
+       traceln "server: read %S from socket" msg
+    )
+    (fun () ->
+       traceln "client: connecting socket...";
+       let c = Eio.Net.connect ~sw net addr in
+       Eio.Flow.copy_string "Hello" c;
+       Eio.Flow.close c
+    )
+
+(* Enable tracing then run the [main] and [trace] fibers. *)
+let () =
+  Runtime_events.start ();
+  let cursor = Runtime_events.create_cursor None in    (* Create a in-process cursor *)
+  Eio_main.run @@ fun env ->
+  let finished = ref false in
+  Fiber.both
+    (fun () -> trace ~finished (env#mono_clock, 0.01) cursor)
+    (fun () -> main env#net; finished := true)

fuzz/dune

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-(test
+(tests
   (package eio)
-  (libraries cstruct crowbar fmt astring eio)
-  (name test))
+  (libraries cstruct crowbar fmt eio eio.mock eio.unix)
+  (names fuzz_buf_read fuzz_buf_write fuzz_inherit_fds))

fuzz/fuzz_buf_read.ml

@@ -2,7 +2,21 @@
    It runs random operations on both the model and the real buffer and
    checks they always give the same result. *)
 
-open Astring
+module String = struct
+  include String
+
+  let rec find ?(start=0) p t =
+    if start = String.length t then None
+    else if p t.[start] then Some start
+    else find ~start:(succ start) p t
+
+  let drop t n = String.sub t n (String.length t - n)
+
+  let cut ~sep t =
+    match String.index_opt t sep with
+    | None -> None
+    | Some i -> Some (String.sub t 0 i, drop t (i + 1))
+end
 
 let debug = false
 
@@ -12,30 +26,34 @@ exception Buffer_limit_exceeded = Buf_read.Buffer_limit_exceeded
 let initial_size = 10
 let max_size = 100
 
-let mock_flow next = object (self)
-  inherit Eio.Flow.source
+module Mock_flow = struct
+  type t = string list ref
 
-  val mutable next = next
-
-  method read_into buf =
-    match next with
+  let rec single_read t buf =
+    match !t with
     | [] ->
       raise End_of_file
     | "" :: xs ->
-      next <- xs;
-      self#read_into buf
+      t := xs;
+      single_read t buf
     | x :: xs ->
       let len = min (Cstruct.length buf) (String.length x) in
       Cstruct.blit_from_string x 0 buf 0 len;
-      let x' = String.with_index_range x ~first:len in
-      next <- (if x' = "" then xs else x' :: xs);
+      let x' = String.drop x len in
+      t := (if x' = "" then xs else x' :: xs);
       len
+
+  let read_methods = []
 end
 
+let mock_flow =
+  let ops = Eio.Flow.Pi.source (module Mock_flow) in
+  fun chunks -> Eio.Resource.T (ref chunks, ops)
+
 module Model = struct
   type t = string ref
 
-  let of_chunks chunks = ref (String.concat chunks)
+  let of_chunks chunks = ref (String.concat "" chunks)
 
   let take_all t =
     let old = !t in
@@ -44,11 +62,11 @@ module Model = struct
     old
 
   let line t =
-    match String.cut ~sep:"\n" !t with
+    match String.cut ~sep:'\n' !t with
     | Some (line, rest) ->
       if String.length line >= max_size then raise Buffer_limit_exceeded;
       t := rest;
-      if String.is_suffix ~affix:"\r" line then String.with_index_range line ~last:(String.length line - 2)
+      if String.ends_with ~suffix:"\r" line then String.sub line 0 (String.length line - 1)
       else line
     | None when !t = "" -> raise End_of_file
     | None when String.length !t >= max_size -> raise Buffer_limit_exceeded
@@ -58,13 +76,16 @@ module Model = struct
     match !t with
     | "" -> raise End_of_file
     | s ->
-      t := String.with_index_range s ~first:1;
-      String.get_head s
+      t := String.drop s 1;
+      s.[0]
 
-  let peek_char t = String.head !t
+  let peek_char t =
+    match !t with
+    | "" -> None
+    | s -> Some (s.[0])
 
   let consume t n =
-    t := String.with_index_range !t ~first:n
+    t := String.drop !t n
 
   let char c t =
     match peek_char t with
@@ -75,17 +96,18 @@ module Model = struct
   let string s t =
     if debug then Fmt.pr "string %S@." s;
     let len_t = String.length !t in
-    if not (String.is_prefix ~affix:(String.with_range s ~len:len_t) !t) then failwith "string";
+    let prefix = String.sub s 0 (min len_t (String.length s)) in
+    if not (String.starts_with ~prefix !t) then failwith "string";
     if String.length s > max_size then raise Buffer_limit_exceeded;
-    if String.is_prefix ~affix:s !t then consume t (String.length s)
+    if String.starts_with ~prefix:s !t then consume t (String.length s)
     else raise End_of_file
 
   let take n t =
     if n < 0 then invalid_arg "neg";
     if n > max_size then raise Buffer_limit_exceeded
     else if String.length !t >= n then (
-      let data = String.with_range !t ~len:n in
-      t := String.with_range !t ~first:n;
+      let data = String.sub !t 0 n in
+      t := String.drop !t n;
       data
     ) else raise End_of_file
 
@@ -93,7 +115,7 @@ module Model = struct
     match String.find (Fun.negate p) !t with
     | Some i when i >= max_size -> raise Buffer_limit_exceeded
     | Some i ->
-      let data = String.with_range !t ~len:i in
+      let data = String.sub !t 0 i in
       consume t i;
       data
     | None -> take_all t
@@ -118,6 +140,64 @@ module Model = struct
     match line t with
     | line -> line :: lines t
     | exception End_of_file -> []
+
+  module BE = struct
+    let uint16 t = String.get_uint16_be (take 2 t) 0
+
+    let uint32 t = String.get_int32_be (take 4 t) 0
+
+    let uint48 t =
+      let s = take 6 t in
+      let upper_16 = String.get_uint16_be s 0 |> Int64.of_int in
+      let middle_16 = String.get_uint16_be s 2 |> Int64.of_int in
+      let lower_16 = String.get_uint16_be s 4 |> Int64.of_int in
+      Int64.(
+        add 
+          (shift_left upper_16 32)
+        (add
+          (shift_left middle_16 16)
+          (lower_16))
+      )
+
+    let uint64 t = String.get_int64_be (take 8 t) 0
+
+    let float t =
+      Int32.float_of_bits (
+        String.get_int32_be (take 4 t) 0)
+
+    let double t =
+      Int64.float_of_bits (
+        String.get_int64_be (take 8 t) 0)
+  end
+
+  module LE = struct
+    let uint16 t = String.get_uint16_le (take 2 t) 0
+
+    let uint32 t = String.get_int32_le (take 4 t) 0
+
+    let uint48 t =
+      let s = take 6 t in
+      let lower_16 = String.get_uint16_le s 0 |> Int64.of_int in
+      let middle_16 = String.get_uint16_le s 2 |> Int64.of_int in
+      let upper_16 = String.get_uint16_le s 4 |> Int64.of_int in
+      Int64.(
+        add 
+          (shift_left upper_16 32)
+        (add
+          (shift_left middle_16 16)
+          (lower_16))
+      )
+
+    let uint64 t = String.get_int64_le (take 8 t) 0
+
+    let float t =
+      Int32.float_of_bits (
+        String.get_int32_le (take 4 t) 0)
+
+    let double t =
+      Int64.float_of_bits (
+        String.get_int64_le (take 8 t) 0)
+  end
 end
 
 type op = Op : 'a Crowbar.printer * 'a Buf_read.parser * (Model.t -> 'a) -> op
@@ -144,6 +224,18 @@ let op =
     "skip", Crowbar.(map [int]) (fun n -> Op (unit, Buf_read.skip n, Model.skip n));
     "end_of_input", Crowbar.const @@ Op (unit, Buf_read.end_of_input, Model.end_of_input);
     "lines", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.Dump.(list string), (Buf_read.(map List.of_seq lines)), Model.lines);
+    "be_uint16", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int, (Buf_read.BE.uint16), Model.BE.uint16);
+    "be_uint32", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int32, (Buf_read.BE.uint32), Model.BE.uint32);
+    "be_uint48", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int64, (Buf_read.BE.uint48), Model.BE.uint48);
+    "be_uint64", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int64, (Buf_read.BE.uint64), Model.BE.uint64);
+    "be_float", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.float, (Buf_read.BE.float), Model.BE.float);
+    "be_double", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.float, (Buf_read.BE.double), Model.BE.double);
+    "le_uint16", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int, (Buf_read.LE.uint16), Model.LE.uint16);
+    "le_uint32", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int32, (Buf_read.LE.uint32), Model.LE.uint32);
+    "le_uint48", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int64, (Buf_read.LE.uint48), Model.LE.uint48);
+    "le_uint64", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.int64, (Buf_read.LE.uint64), Model.LE.uint64);
+    "le_float", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.float, (Buf_read.LE.float), Model.LE.float);
+    "le_double", Crowbar.const @@ Op (Fmt.float, (Buf_read.LE.double), Model.LE.double);
   ]
 
 let catch f x =

fuzz/fuzz_buf_write.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+(* Run a random sequence of write operations on an [Eio.Buf_write].
+   Check that the expected data gets written to the flow. *)
+
+module W = Eio.Buf_write
+
+let initial_size = 10
+
+type op = Op : string * (W.t -> unit) -> op     (* Expected string, writer *)
+
+let cstruct =
+  Crowbar.(map [bytes; int; int]) (fun s off len ->
+      if String.length s = 0 then Cstruct.empty
+      else (
+        let off = min (abs off) (String.length s) in
+        let len = min (abs len) (String.length s - off) in
+        Cstruct.of_string s ~off ~len
+      )
+    )
+
+let op =
+  let label (name, gen) = Crowbar.with_printer (fun f (Op (s, _)) -> Fmt.pf f "%s:%S" name s) gen in
+  Crowbar.choose @@ List.map label [
+    "string", Crowbar.(map [bytes]) (fun s -> Op (s, (fun t -> W.string t s)));
+    "cstruct", Crowbar.(map [cstruct]) (fun cs -> Op (Cstruct.to_string cs, (fun t -> W.cstruct t cs)));
+    "schedule_cstruct", Crowbar.(map [cstruct]) (fun cs -> Op (Cstruct.to_string cs, (fun t -> W.schedule_cstruct t cs)));
+    "yield", Crowbar.const @@ Op ("", (fun _ -> Eio.Fiber.yield ()));
+    "flush", Crowbar.const @@ Op ("", W.flush);
+    "pause", Crowbar.const @@ Op ("", W.pause);
+    "unpause", Crowbar.const @@ Op ("", W.unpause);
+  ]
+
+let random ops close =
+  Eio_mock.Backend.run @@ fun _ ->
+  let b = Buffer.create 100 in
+  let flow = Eio.Flow.buffer_sink b in
+  let expected = ref [] in
+  W.with_flow flow ~initial_size (fun t ->
+      let perform (Op (s, write)) =
+        expected := s :: !expected;
+        write t
+      in
+      List.iter perform ops;
+      if close then W.close t
+    );
+  let expected = String.concat "" (List.rev !expected) in
+  Crowbar.check_eq ~pp:Fmt.Dump.string (Buffer.contents b) expected
+
+let () =
+  Crowbar.(add_test ~name:"random ops" [list op; bool] random)

fuzz/fuzz_inherit_fds.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module I = Eio_unix__Inherit_fds
+
+module S = Set.Make(Int)
+
+let pp f = function
+  | `Cloexec x -> Fmt.pf f "close %d" x
+  | `Keep x -> Fmt.pf f "keep %d" x
+
+let rec has_duplicates ~seen = function
+  | [] -> false
+  | (dst, _) :: _ when S.mem dst seen -> true
+  | (dst, _) :: xs -> has_duplicates xs ~seen:(S.add dst seen)
+
+let inherit_fds mapping =
+  let has_duplicates = has_duplicates ~seen:S.empty mapping in
+  let fds = Hashtbl.create 10 in
+  mapping |> List.iter (fun (_dst, src) ->
+      Hashtbl.add fds src (`Cloexec src);
+    );
+  match I.plan mapping with
+  | exception (Invalid_argument _) -> assert has_duplicates
+  | plan ->
+    assert (not has_duplicates);
+    plan |> List.iter (fun {I.src; dst} ->
+      (* Fmt.pr "%d -> %d@." src dst; *)
+      let v =
+        match Hashtbl.find fds src with
+        | `Cloexec x | `Keep x ->
+          if dst = -1 then `Cloexec x else `Keep x
+      in
+      Hashtbl.add fds dst v
+    );
+  mapping |> List.iter (fun (dst, src) ->
+      let v = Hashtbl.find fds dst in
+      Crowbar.check_eq ~pp v (`Keep src);
+      Hashtbl.remove fds dst;
+    );
+  fds |> Hashtbl.iter (fun x -> function
+      | `Cloexec _ -> ()
+      | `Keep _ -> Fmt.failwith "%d should be close-on-exec!" x
+    )
+
+let fd = Crowbar.range 10       (* Restrict range to make cycles more likely *)
+
+let () =
+  Crowbar.(add_test ~name:"inherit_fds" [list (pair fd fd)] inherit_fds)

lib_eio/buf_read.ml

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 exception Buffer_limit_exceeded
 
+open Std
+
 type t = {
   mutable buf : Cstruct.buffer;
   mutable pos : int;
   mutable len : int;
-  mutable flow : Flow.source option;    (* None if we've seen eof *)
-  mutable consumed : int;               (* Total bytes consumed so far *)
+  mutable flow : Flow.source_ty r option;    (* None if we've seen eof *)
+  mutable consumed : int;                    (* Total bytes consumed so far *)
   max_size : int;
 }
 
 type 'a parser = t -> 'a
 
+let return = Fun.const
+
 let map f x r = f (x r)
 
 let pair x y r =
@@ -26,6 +30,8 @@ module Syntax = struct
   let ( and* ) = pair
   let ( and+ ) = pair
 
+  let ( <*> ) = pair
+
   let ( <* ) a b t =
     let x = a t in
     ignore (b t);
@@ -41,17 +47,30 @@ open Syntax
 let capacity t = Bigarray.Array1.dim t.buf
 
 let of_flow ?initial_size ~max_size flow =
-  let flow = (flow :> Flow.source) in
+  let flow = (flow :> Flow.source_ty r) in
   if max_size <= 0 then Fmt.invalid_arg "Max size %d should be positive!" max_size;
   let initial_size = Option.value initial_size ~default:(min 4096 max_size) in
   let buf = Bigarray.(Array1.create char c_layout initial_size) in
   { buf; pos = 0; len = 0; flow = Some flow; max_size; consumed = 0 }
 
+let of_buffer buf =
+  let len = Bigarray.Array1.dim buf in
+  { buf; pos = 0; len; flow = None; max_size = max_int; consumed = 0 }
+
+let of_string s =
+  let len = String.length s in
+  let buf = Bigarray.(Array1.create char c_layout) len in
+  Cstruct.blit_from_string s 0 (Cstruct.of_bigarray buf) 0 len;
+  of_buffer buf
+
 let peek t =
   Cstruct.of_bigarray ~off:t.pos ~len:t.len t.buf
 
-let consume t n =
-  if n < 0 || n > t.len then Fmt.invalid_arg "Can't consume %d bytes of a %d byte buffer!" n t.len;
+let consume_err t n =
+  Fmt.invalid_arg "Can't consume %d bytes of a %d byte buffer!" n t.len
+
+let [@inline] consume t n =
+  if n < 0 || n > t.len then consume_err t n;
   t.pos <- t.pos + n;
   t.len <- t.len - n;
   t.consumed <- t.consumed + n
@@ -66,65 +85,163 @@ let consumed_bytes t = t.consumed
 
 let eof_seen t = t.flow = None
 
-let ensure t n =
+let ensure_slow_path t n =
   assert (n >= 0);
-  if t.len < n then (
-    if n > t.max_size then raise Buffer_limit_exceeded;
-    (* We don't have enough data yet, so we'll need to do a read. *)
-    match t.flow with
-    | None -> raise End_of_file
-    | Some flow ->
-      (* If the buffer is empty, we might as well use all of it: *)
-      if t.len = 0 then t.pos <- 0;
-      let () =
-        let cap = capacity t in
-        if n > cap then (
-          (* [n] bytes won't fit. We need to resize the buffer. *)
-          let new_size = max n (min t.max_size (cap * 2)) in
-          let new_buf = Bigarray.(Array1.create char c_layout new_size) in
-          Cstruct.blit
-            (peek t) 0
-            (Cstruct.of_bigarray new_buf) 0
-            t.len;
-          t.pos <- 0;
-          t.buf <- new_buf
-        ) else if t.pos + n > cap then (
-          (* [n] bytes will fit in the existing buffer, but we need to compact it first. *)
-          Cstruct.blit
-            (peek t) 0
-            (Cstruct.of_bigarray t.buf) 0
-            t.len;
-          t.pos <- 0
-        )
-      in
-      try
-        while t.len < n do
-          let free_space = Cstruct.of_bigarray t.buf ~off:(t.pos + t.len) in
-          assert (t.len + Cstruct.length free_space >= n);
-          let got = Flow.read flow free_space in
-          t.len <- t.len + got
-        done
-      with End_of_file ->
-        t.flow <- None;
-        raise End_of_file
-  );
-  assert (buffered_bytes t >= n)
+  if n > t.max_size then raise Buffer_limit_exceeded;
+  (* We don't have enough data yet, so we'll need to do a read. *)
+  match t.flow with
+  | None -> raise End_of_file
+  | Some flow ->
+    (* If the buffer is empty, we might as well use all of it: *)
+    if t.len = 0 then t.pos <- 0;
+    let () =
+      let cap = capacity t in
+      if n > cap then (
+        (* [n] bytes won't fit. We need to resize the buffer. *)
+        let new_size = max n (min t.max_size (cap * 2)) in
+        let new_buf = Bigarray.(Array1.create char c_layout new_size) in
+        Cstruct.blit
+          (peek t) 0
+          (Cstruct.of_bigarray new_buf) 0
+          t.len;
+        t.pos <- 0;
+        t.buf <- new_buf
+      ) else if t.pos + n > cap then (
+        (* [n] bytes will fit in the existing buffer, but we need to compact it first. *)
+        Cstruct.blit
+          (peek t) 0
+          (Cstruct.of_bigarray t.buf) 0
+          t.len;
+        t.pos <- 0
+      )
+    in
+    try
+      while t.len < n do
+        let free_space = Cstruct.of_bigarray t.buf ~off:(t.pos + t.len) in
+        assert (t.len + Cstruct.length free_space >= n);
+        let got = Flow.single_read flow free_space in
+        t.len <- t.len + got
+      done;
+      assert (buffered_bytes t >= n)
+    with End_of_file ->
+      t.flow <- None;
+      raise End_of_file
 
-let as_flow t =
-  object
-    inherit Flow.source
+let ensure t n =
+  if t.len < n then ensure_slow_path t n
 
-    method read_into dst =
-      ensure t 1;
-      let len = min (buffered_bytes t) (Cstruct.length dst) in
-      Cstruct.blit (peek t) 0 dst 0 len;
-      consume t len;
-      len
-  end
+module F = struct
+  type nonrec t = t
+
+  let single_read t dst =
+    ensure t 1;
+    let len = min (buffered_bytes t) (Cstruct.length dst) in
+    Cstruct.blit (peek t) 0 dst 0 len;
+    consume t len;
+    len
+
+  let rsb t fn =
+    ensure t 1;
+    let data = peek t in
+    let sent = fn [data] in
+    consume t sent
+
+  let read_methods = [Flow.Read_source_buffer rsb]
+end
+
+let as_flow =
+  let ops = Flow.Pi.source (module F) in
+  fun t -> Resource.T (t, ops)
 
 let get t i =
   Bigarray.Array1.get t.buf (t.pos + i)
 
+module BE = struct
+  let uint16 t = 
+    ensure t 2;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int16_be t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 2;
+    data
+
+  let uint32 t = 
+    ensure t 4;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int32_be t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 4;
+    data
+
+  let uint48 t = 
+    ensure t 6;
+    let upper_32 = Bigstringaf.get_int32_be t.buf t.pos |> Int64.of_int32 |> Int64.logand 0xffffffffL in
+    let lower_16 = Bigstringaf.get_int16_be t.buf (t.pos + 4) |> Int64.of_int in
+    consume t 6;
+    Int64.(
+      logor 
+        (lower_16)
+        (shift_left upper_32 16) 
+    )
+
+  let uint64 t =
+    ensure t 8;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int64_be t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 8;
+    data
+
+  let float t =
+    ensure t 4;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.unsafe_get_int32_be t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 4;
+    Int32.float_of_bits data
+
+  let double t =
+    ensure t 8;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.unsafe_get_int64_be t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 8;
+    Int64.float_of_bits data
+end
+
+module LE = struct
+  let uint16 t = 
+    ensure t 2;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int16_le t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 2;
+    data
+
+  let uint32 t = 
+    ensure t 4;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int32_le t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 4;
+    data
+
+  let uint48 t = 
+    ensure t 6;
+    let lower_32 = Bigstringaf.get_int32_le t.buf t.pos |> Int64.of_int32 |> Int64.logand 0xffffffffL in
+    let upper_16 = Bigstringaf.get_int16_le t.buf (t.pos + 4) |> Int64.of_int in
+    consume t 6;
+    Int64.(
+      logor 
+        (shift_left upper_16 32)
+        lower_32
+    )
+
+  let uint64 t =
+    ensure t 8;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.get_int64_le t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 8;
+    data
+
+  let float t =
+    ensure t 4;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.unsafe_get_int32_le t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 4;
+    Int32.float_of_bits data
+
+  let double t =
+    ensure t 8;
+    let data = Bigstringaf.unsafe_get_int64_le t.buf t.pos in
+    consume t 8;
+    Int64.float_of_bits data
+end
+
 let char c t =
   ensure t 1;
   let c2 = get t 0 in
@@ -137,6 +254,8 @@ let any_char t =
   consume t 1;
   c
 
+let uint8 t = Char.code (any_char t)
+
 let peek_char t =
   match ensure t 1 with
   | () -> Some (get t 0)
@@ -197,6 +316,14 @@ let take_while p t =
   consume t len;
   data
 
+let take_while1 p t =
+  let len = count_while p t in
+  if len < 1 then Fmt.failwith "take_while1"
+  else
+    let data = Cstruct.to_string (Cstruct.of_bigarray t.buf ~off:t.pos ~len) in
+    consume t len;
+    data
+
 let skip_while p t =
   let rec aux i =
     if i < t.len then (
@@ -211,6 +338,11 @@ let skip_while p t =
   try aux 0
   with End_of_file -> ()
 
+let skip_while1 p t =
+  let len = count_while p t in
+  if len < 1 then Fmt.failwith "skip_while1"
+  else consume t len
+
 let rec skip n t =
   if n <= t.len then (
     consume t n
@@ -283,6 +415,14 @@ let parse_exn ?initial_size ~max_size p flow =
   | Ok x -> x
   | Error (`Msg m) -> failwith m
 
+let parse_string p s =
+  format_errors (p <* end_of_input) (of_string s)
+
+let parse_string_exn p s =
+  match parse_string p s with
+  | Ok x -> x
+  | Error (`Msg m) -> failwith m
+
 [@@inline never]
 let bad_offset ~expected actual =
   Fmt.invalid_arg "Sequence is stale (expected to be used at offset %d, but stream is now at %d)"

lib_eio/buf_read.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+(** This module provides fairly efficient non-backtracking parsers.
+    It is modelled on Angstrom's API, and you should use that if
+    backtracking is needed.
+
+    Example:
+    {[
+      let r = Buf_read.of_flow flow ~max_size:1_000_000 in
+      Buf_read.line r
+    ]}
+*)
+
+open Std
+
+type t
+(** An input buffer. *)
+
+exception Buffer_limit_exceeded
+(** Raised if parsing an item would require enlarging the buffer beyond its configured limit. *)
+
+type 'a parser = t -> 'a
+(** An ['a parser] is a function that consumes and returns a value of type ['a].
+    @raise Failure The flow can't be parsed as a value of type ['a].
+    @raise End_of_file The flow ended without enough data to parse an ['a].
+    @raise Buffer_limit_exceeded Parsing the value would exceed the configured size limit. *)
+
+val parse : ?initial_size:int -> max_size:int -> 'a parser -> _ Flow.source -> ('a, [> `Msg of string]) result
+(** [parse p flow ~max_size] uses [p] to parse everything in [flow].
+
+    It is a convenience function that does
+    {[
+      let buf = of_flow flow ~max_size in
+      format_errors (p <* end_of_input) buf
+    ]}
+
+    @param initial_size see {!of_flow}. *)
+
+val parse_exn : ?initial_size:int -> max_size:int -> 'a parser -> _ Flow.source -> 'a
+(** [parse_exn] wraps {!parse}, but raises [Failure msg] if that returns [Error (`Msg msg)].
+
+    Catching exceptions with [parse] and then raising them might seem pointless,
+    but this has the effect of turning e.g. an [End_of_file] exception into a [Failure]
+    with a more user-friendly message. *)
+
+val parse_string : 'a parser -> string -> ('a, [> `Msg of string]) result
+(** [parse_string p s] uses [p] to parse everything in [s].
+    It is defined as [format_errors (p <* end_of_input) (of_string s)] *)
+
+val parse_string_exn : 'a parser -> string -> 'a
+(** [parse_string_exn] is like {!parse_string}, but handles errors like {!parse_exn}. *)
+
+val of_flow : ?initial_size:int -> max_size:int -> _ Flow.source -> t
+(** [of_flow ~max_size flow] is a buffered reader backed by [flow].
+
+    @param initial_size The initial amount of memory to allocate for the buffer.
+    @param max_size The maximum size to which the buffer may grow.
+                    This must be large enough to hold the largest single item
+                    you want to parse (e.g. the longest line, if using
+                    {!line}), plus any terminator needed to know the value is
+                    complete (e.g. the newline character(s)). This is just to
+                    prevent a run-away input from consuming all memory, and
+                    you can usually just set it much larger than you expect
+                    to need. *)
+
+val of_buffer : Cstruct.buffer -> t
+(** [of_buffer buf] is a reader that reads from [buf].
+    [buf] is used directly, without being copied.
+    [eof_seen (of_buffer buf) = true].
+    This module will not modify [buf] itself, but it will expose it via {!peek}. *)
+
+val of_string : string -> t
+(** [of_string s] is a reader that reads from [s]. *)
+
+val as_flow : t -> Flow.source_ty r
+(** [as_flow t] is a buffered flow.
+
+    Reading from it will return data from the buffer,
+    only reading the underlying flow if the buffer is empty. *)
+
+(** {2 Reading data} *)
+
+val line : string parser
+(** [line] parses one line.
+
+    Lines can be terminated by either LF or CRLF.
+    The returned string does not include the terminator.
+
+    If [End_of_file] is reached after seeing some data but before seeing a line
+    terminator, the data seen is returned as the last line. *)
+
+val lines : string Seq.t parser
+(** [lines] returns a sequence that lazily reads the next line until the end of the input is reached.
+
+    [lines = seq line ~stop:at_end_of_input] *)
+
+val char : char -> unit parser
+(** [char c] checks that the next byte is [c] and consumes it.
+    @raise Failure if the next byte is not [c] *)
+
+val any_char : char parser
+(** [any_char] parses one character. *)
+
+val peek_char : char option parser
+(** [peek_char] returns [Some c] where [c] is the next character, but does not consume it.
+
+    Returns [None] at the end of the input stream rather than raising [End_of_file]. *)
+
+val string : string -> unit parser
+(** [string s] checks that [s] is the next string in the stream and consumes it.
+
+    @raise Failure if [s] is not a prefix of the stream. *)
+
+val uint8 : int parser
+(** [uint8] parses the next byte as an unsigned 8-bit integer. *)
+
+(** Big endian parsers *)
+module BE : sig
+  val uint16 : int parser
+  (** [uint16] parses the next 2 bytes as the lower 16 bits of an [int] in big-endian byte order *)
+
+  val uint32 : int32 parser
+  (** [uint32] parses the next 4 bytes as an [int32] in big-endian byte order *)
+
+  val uint48 : int64 parser
+  (** [uint48] parses the next 6 bytes as a 48-bit unsigned big-endian integer *)
+
+  val uint64 : int64 parser
+  (** [uint64] parses the next 8 bytes as an [int64] in big-endian byte order *)
+
+  val float : float parser
+  (** [float] parses the next 4 bytes as a [float] in big-endian byte order *)
+
+  val double : float parser
+  (** [double] parses the next 8 bytes as a [float] in big-endian byte order *)
+end
+
+(** Little endian parsers *)
+module LE : sig
+  val uint16 : int parser
+  (** [uint16] parses the next 2 bytes as the lower 16 bits of an [int] in little-endian byte order *)
+
+  val uint32 : int32 parser
+  (** [uint32] parses the next 4 bytes as an [int32] in little-endian byte order *)
+
+  val uint48 : int64 parser
+  (** [uint48] parses the next 6 bytes as a 48-bit unsigned big-endian integer *)
+
+  val uint64 : int64 parser
+  (** [uint64] parses the next 8 bytes as an [int64] in little-endian byte order *)
+
+  val float : float parser
+  (** [float] parses the next 4 bytes as a [float] in little-endian byte order *)
+
+  val double : float parser
+  (** [double] parses the next 8 bytes as a [float] in little-endian byte order *)
+end
+
+val take : int -> string parser
+(** [take n] takes exactly [n] bytes from the input. *)
+
+val take_all : string parser
+(** [take_all] takes all remaining data until end-of-file.
+
+    Returns [""] if already at end-of-file.
+
+    @raise Buffer_limit_exceeded if the remaining data exceeds or equals the buffer limit
+           (it needs one extra byte to confirm it has reached end-of-file). *)
+
+val take_while : (char -> bool) -> string parser
+(** [take_while p] finds the first byte for which [p] is false
+    and consumes and returns all bytes before that.
+
+    If [p] is true for all remaining bytes, it returns everything until end-of-file.
+
+    It will return the empty string if there are no matching characters
+    (and therefore never raises [End_of_file]). *)
+
+val take_while1 : (char -> bool) -> string parser
+(** [take_while1 p] is like [take_while]. However, the parser fails with "take_while1"
+    if at least one character of input hasn't been consumed by the parser. *)
+
+val skip_while : (char -> bool) -> unit parser
+(** [skip_while p] skips zero or more bytes for which [p] is [true].
+
+    [skip_while p t] does the same thing as [ignore (take_while p t)],
+    except that it is not limited by the buffer size. *)
+
+val skip_while1 : (char -> bool) -> unit parser
+(** [skip_while1 p] is like [skip_while]. However, the parser fails with "skip_while1" if
+    at least one character of input hasn't been skipped. *)
+
+val skip : int -> unit parser
+(** [skip n] discards the next [n] bytes.
+
+    [skip n] = [map ignore (take n)],
+    except that the number of skipped bytes may be larger than the buffer (it will not grow).
+
+    Note: if [End_of_file] is raised, all bytes in the stream will have been consumed. *)
+
+val at_end_of_input : bool parser
+(** [at_end_of_input] returns [true] when at the end of the stream, or
+    [false] if there is at least one more byte to be read. *)
+
+val end_of_input : unit parser
+(** [end_of_input] checks that there are no further bytes in the stream.
+    @raise Failure if there are further bytes *)
+
+(** {2 Combinators} *)
+
+val seq : ?stop:bool parser -> 'a parser -> 'a Seq.t parser
+(** [seq p] is a sequence that uses [p] to get the next item.
+
+    A sequence node can only be used while the stream is at
+    the expected position, and will raise [Invalid_argument]
+    if any bytes have been consumed in the meantime. This
+    also means that each node can only be used once; use
+    {!Seq.memoize} to make the sequence persistent.
+
+    It is not necessary to consume all the elements of the
+    sequence.
+
+    Example ([head 4] is a parser that takes 4 lines):
+
+    {[
+      let head n r =
+        r |> Buf_read.(seq line) |> Seq.take n |> List.of_seq
+    ]}
+
+    @param stop This is used before parsing each item.
+                The sequence ends if this returns [true].
+                The default is {!at_end_of_input}. *)
+
+val pair : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> ('a * 'b) parser
+(** [pair a b] is a parser that first uses [a] to parse a value [x],
+    then uses [b] to parse a value [y], then returns [(x, y)].
+
+    Note that this module does not support backtracking, so if [b] fails
+    then the bytes consumed by [a] are lost. *)
+
+val return : 'a -> 'a parser
+(** [return x] is a parser that consumes nothing and always returns [x].
+    [return] is just [Fun.const]. *)
+
+val map : ('a -> 'b) -> ('a parser -> 'b parser)
+(** [map f a] is a parser that parses the stream with [a] to get [v],
+    and then returns [f v]. *)
+
+val bind : 'a parser -> ('a -> 'b parser) -> 'b parser
+(** [bind a f] is a parser that first uses [a] to parse a value [v],
+    then uses [f v] to select the next parser, and then uses that. *)
+
+val format_errors : 'a parser -> ('a, [> `Msg of string]) result parser
+(** [format_errors p] catches [Failure], [End_of_file] and
+    [Buffer_limit_exceeded] exceptions and returns them as a formatted error message. *)
+
+(** Convenient syntax for some of the combinators. *)
+module Syntax : sig
+  val ( let+ ) : 'a parser -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'b parser
+  (** Syntax for {!map}. *)
+
+  val ( let* ) : 'a parser -> ('a -> 'b parser) -> 'b parser
+  (** Syntax for {!bind} *)
+
+  val ( and+ ) : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> ('a * 'b) parser
+  (** Syntax for {!pair} *)
+
+  val ( and* ) : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> ('a * 'b) parser
+  (** Syntax for {!pair} (same as [and+]). *)
+
+  val ( <*> ) : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> ('a * 'b) parser
+  (** [a <*> b] is [pair a b]. *)
+
+  val ( <* ) : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> 'a parser
+  (** [a <* b] is [map fst (pair a b)].
+      It parses two things and keeps only the first. *)
+
+  val ( *> ) : 'a parser -> 'b parser -> 'b parser
+  (** [a *> b] is [map snd (pair a b)].
+      It parses two things and keeps only the second. *)
+end
+
+(** {2 Low-level API} *)
+
+val buffered_bytes : t -> int
+(** [buffered_bytes t] is the number of bytes that can be read without
+    reading from the underlying flow. *)
+
+val peek : t -> Cstruct.t
+(** [peek t] returns a view onto the active part of [t]'s internal buffer.
+
+    Performing any operation that might add to the buffer may invalidate this,
+    so it should be used immediately and then forgotten.
+
+    [Cstruct.length (peek t) = buffered_bytes t]. *)
+
+val ensure : t -> int -> unit
+(** [ensure t n] ensures that the buffer contains at least [n] bytes of data.
+
+    If not, it reads from the flow until there is.
+
+    [buffered_bytes (ensure t n) >= n].
+
+    @raise End_of_file if the flow ended before [n] bytes were available
+    @raise Buffer_limit_exceeded if [n] exceeds the buffer's maximum size *)
+
+val consume : t -> int -> unit
+(** [consume t n] discards the first [n] bytes from [t]'s buffer.
+
+    Use this after {!peek} to mark some bytes as consumed.
+
+    [buffered_bytes t' = buffered_bytes t - n]
+
+    Note: unlike {!skip}, this will not read data from the underlying flow. *)
+
+val consumed_bytes : t -> int
+(** [consumed_bytes t] is the total number of bytes consumed.
+
+    i.e. it is the offset into the stream of the next byte to be parsed. *)
+
+val eof_seen : t -> bool
+(** [eof_seen t] indicates whether we've received [End_of_file] from the underlying flow.
+
+    If so, there will never be any further data beyond what [peek] already returns.
+
+    Note that this returns [false] if we're at the end of the stream but don't know it yet.
+    Use {!at_end_of_input} to be sure. *)

lib_eio/buf_write.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+(* This module is based on code from Faraday (0.7.2), which had the following
+   license:
+
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Inhabited Type LLC.
+
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    3. Neither the name of the author nor the names of his contributors
+       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+       without specific prior written permission.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
+    OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+    WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+    DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+    ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+    STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
+    ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------*)
+
+
+type bigstring = Bigstringaf.t
+
+exception Dequeue_empty
+
+module Deque(T:sig type t val sentinel : t end) : sig
+  type elem = T.t
+
+  type t
+
+  val create : int -> t
+  (* [t = create n] creates a new deque with initial capacity [n].
+
+     [to_list t = []] *)
+
+  val is_empty : t -> bool
+  (* [is_empty t = (to_list t = []) *)
+
+  val enqueue : elem -> t -> unit
+  (* [enqueue elem t]
+
+     [to_list t'] = to_list t @ [elem] *)
+
+  val dequeue_exn : t -> elem
+  (* [dequeue_exn t = List.hd (to_list t)]
+
+     [to_list t' = List.tl (to_list t)] *)
+
+  val enqueue_front : elem -> t -> unit
+  (* [enqueue_front elem t]
+
+     to_list t' = elem :: to_list t *)
+
+  val to_list : t -> elem list
+end = struct
+  type elem = T.t
+
+  type t =
+    { mutable elements : elem array
+    ; mutable front    : int
+    ; mutable back     : int }
+
+  let sentinel = T.sentinel
+
+  let create size =
+    { elements = Array.make size sentinel; front = 0; back = 0 }
+
+  let is_empty t =
+    t.front = t.back
+
+  let ensure_space t =
+    if t.back = Array.length t.elements - 1 then begin
+      let len = t.back - t.front in
+      if t.front > 0 then begin
+        (* Shift everything to the front of the array and then clear out
+         * dangling pointers to elements from their previous locations. *)
+        Array.blit t.elements t.front t.elements 0 len;
+        Array.fill t.elements len t.front sentinel
+      end else begin
+        let old  = t.elements in
+        let new_ = Array.(make (2 * length old) sentinel) in
+        Array.blit old t.front new_ 0 len;
+        t.elements <- new_
+      end;
+      t.front <- 0;
+      t.back <- len
+    end
+
+  let enqueue e t =
+    ensure_space t;
+    t.elements.(t.back) <- e;
+    t.back <- t.back + 1
+
+  let dequeue_exn t =
+    if is_empty t then
+      raise Dequeue_empty
+    else
+      let result = Array.unsafe_get t.elements t.front in
+      Array.unsafe_set t.elements t.front sentinel;
+      t.front <- t.front + 1;
+      result
+
+  let enqueue_front e t =
+    (* This is in general not true for Deque data structures, but the usage
+     * below ensures that there is always space to push an element back on the
+     * front. An [enqueue_front] is always preceded by a [dequeue], with no
+     * intervening operations. *)
+    assert (t.front > 0);
+    t.front <- t.front - 1;
+    t.elements.(t.front) <- e
+
+  let to_list t =
+    let result = ref [] in
+    for i = t.back - 1 downto t.front do
+      result := t.elements.(i) :: !result
+    done;
+    !result
+end
+
+module Buffers = Deque(struct
+  type t = Cstruct.t
+  let sentinel =
+    let deadbeef = "\222\173\190\239" in
+    Cstruct.of_string deadbeef
+end)
+
+module Flushes = Deque(struct
+    type t = int * ((unit, exn) result Promise.u)
+    let sentinel =
+      let _, r = Promise.create () in
+      Promise.resolve_ok r ();
+      0, r
+  end)
+
+type state =
+  | Active
+  | Paused
+  | Closed
+
+type t =
+  { mutable buffer         : bigstring
+  ; mutable scheduled_pos  : int        (* How much of [buffer] is in [scheduled] *)
+  ; mutable write_pos      : int        (* How much of [buffer] has been written to *)
+  ; scheduled              : Buffers.t
+  ; flushed                : Flushes.t
+  ; mutable bytes_received : int        (* Total scheduled bytes. Wraps. *)
+  ; mutable bytes_written  : int        (* Total written bytes. Wraps. *)
+  ; mutable state          : state
+  ; mutable wake_writer    : unit -> unit
+  ; mutable printf         : (Format.formatter * bool ref) option
+  }
+(* Invariant: [write_pos >= scheduled_pos] *)
+
+exception Flush_aborted
+
+let writable_exn t =
+  match t.state with
+  | Active | Paused -> ()
+  | Closed ->
+    failwith "cannot write to closed writer"
+
+let wake_writer t =
+  match t.state with
+  | Paused -> ()
+  | Active | Closed ->
+    let wake = t.wake_writer in
+    if wake != ignore then (
+      t.wake_writer <- ignore;
+      wake ()
+    )
+
+(* Schedule [cs] now, without any checks. Users use {!schedule_cstruct} instead. *)
+let schedule_iovec t cs =
+  t.bytes_received <- t.bytes_received + Cstruct.length cs;
+  Buffers.enqueue cs t.scheduled
+
+(* Schedule all pending data in [buffer]. *)
+let flush_buffer t =
+  let len = t.write_pos - t.scheduled_pos in
+  if len > 0 then begin
+    let off = t.scheduled_pos in
+    schedule_iovec t (Cstruct.of_bigarray ~off ~len t.buffer);
+    t.scheduled_pos <- t.write_pos
+  end
+
+let free_bytes_in_buffer t =
+  let buf_len = Bigstringaf.length t.buffer in
+  buf_len - t.write_pos
+
+let schedule_cstruct t cs =
+  writable_exn t;
+  flush_buffer t;
+  if Cstruct.length cs > 0 then (
+    schedule_iovec t cs;
+    wake_writer t;
+  )
+
+let ensure_space t len =
+  if free_bytes_in_buffer t < len then begin
+    flush_buffer t;
+    t.buffer <- Bigstringaf.create (max (Bigstringaf.length t.buffer) len);
+    t.write_pos <- 0;
+    t.scheduled_pos <- 0
+  end
+
+let advance_pos t n =
+  t.write_pos <- t.write_pos + n;
+  wake_writer t
+
+let write_gen t ~blit ~off ~len a =
+  writable_exn t;
+  ensure_space t len;
+  blit a ~src_off:off t.buffer ~dst_off:t.write_pos ~len;
+  advance_pos t len
+
+let string =
+  let blit = Bigstringaf.blit_from_string in
+  fun t ?(off=0) ?len a ->
+    let len =
+      match len with
+      | None     -> String.length a - off
+      | Some len -> len
+    in
+    write_gen t ~blit ~off ~len a
+
+let bytes =
+  let blit = Bigstringaf.blit_from_bytes in
+  fun t ?(off=0) ?len a ->
+    let len =
+      match len with
+      | None     -> Bytes.length a - off
+      | Some len -> len
+    in
+    write_gen t ~blit ~off ~len a
+
+let cstruct t { Cstruct.buffer; off; len } =
+  write_gen t ~off ~len buffer
+    ~blit:Bigstringaf.unsafe_blit
+
+let char t c =
+  writable_exn t;
+  ensure_space t 1;
+  Bigstringaf.unsafe_set t.buffer t.write_pos c;
+  advance_pos t 1
+
+let uint8 t b =
+  writable_exn t;
+  ensure_space t 1;
+  Bigstringaf.unsafe_set t.buffer t.write_pos (Char.unsafe_chr b);
+  advance_pos t 1
+
+module BE = struct
+  let uint16 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 2;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int16_be t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 2
+
+  let uint32 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 4;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_be t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 4
+
+  let uint48 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 6;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int16_be t.buffer t.write_pos
+      Int64.(to_int (shift_right_logical i 32));
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_be t.buffer (t.write_pos + 2)
+      Int64.(to_int32 i);
+    advance_pos t 6
+
+  let uint64 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 8;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int64_be t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 8
+
+  let float t f =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 4;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_be t.buffer t.write_pos (Int32.bits_of_float f);
+    advance_pos t 4
+
+  let double t d =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 8;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int64_be t.buffer t.write_pos (Int64.bits_of_float d);
+    advance_pos t 8
+end
+
+module LE = struct
+  let uint16 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 2;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int16_le t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 2
+
+  let uint32 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 4;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_le t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 4
+
+  let uint48 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 6;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int16_le t.buffer t.write_pos
+      Int64.(to_int i);
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_le t.buffer (t.write_pos + 2)
+      Int64.(to_int32 (shift_right_logical i 16));
+    advance_pos t 6
+
+  let uint64 t i =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 8;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int64_le t.buffer t.write_pos i;
+    advance_pos t 8
+
+  let float t f =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 4;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int32_le t.buffer t.write_pos (Int32.bits_of_float f);
+    advance_pos t 4
+
+  let double t d =
+    writable_exn t;
+    ensure_space t 8;
+    Bigstringaf.unsafe_set_int64_le t.buffer t.write_pos (Int64.bits_of_float d);
+    advance_pos t 8
+end
+
+let close t =
+  t.state <- Closed;
+  flush_buffer t;
+  wake_writer t
+
+let is_closed t =
+  match t.state with
+  | Closed -> true
+  | Active | Paused -> false
+
+let abort t =
+  close t;
+  let rec aux () =
+    match Flushes.dequeue_exn t.flushed with
+    | exception Dequeue_empty -> ()
+    | (_threshold, r) ->
+      Promise.resolve_error r Flush_aborted;
+      aux ()
+  in
+  aux ()
+
+let of_buffer ?sw buffer =
+  let t = { buffer
+          ; write_pos       = 0
+          ; scheduled_pos   = 0
+          ; scheduled       = Buffers.create 4
+          ; flushed         = Flushes.create 1
+          ; bytes_received  = 0
+          ; bytes_written   = 0
+          ; state           = Active
+          ; wake_writer     = ignore
+          ; printf          = None
+          }
+  in
+  begin match sw with
+    | Some sw -> Switch.on_release sw (fun () -> abort t)
+    | None -> ()
+  end;
+  t
+
+let create ?sw size =
+  of_buffer ?sw (Bigstringaf.create size)
+
+let pending_bytes t =
+  (t.write_pos - t.scheduled_pos) + (t.bytes_received - t.bytes_written)
+
+let has_pending_output t =
+  pending_bytes t <> 0
+
+let pause t =
+  match t.state with
+  | Active -> t.state <- Paused
+  | Paused | Closed -> ()
+
+let unpause t =
+  match t.state with
+  | Active | Closed -> ()
+  | Paused ->
+    t.state <- Active;
+    if has_pending_output t then
+      wake_writer t
+
+let flush t =
+  flush_buffer t;
+  unpause t;
+  if not (Buffers.is_empty t.scheduled) then (
+    let p, r = Promise.create () in
+    Flushes.enqueue (t.bytes_received, r) t.flushed;
+    Promise.await_exn p
+  )
+
+let make_formatter t =
+  Format.make_formatter
+    (fun buf off len -> write_gen t buf ~off ~len ~blit:Bigstringaf.blit_from_string)
+    (fun () -> flush t)
+
+let printf t =
+  let ppf, is_formatting =
+    match t.printf with
+    | Some (_, is_formatting as x) ->
+      is_formatting := true;
+      x
+    | None ->
+      let is_formatting = ref true in
+      let ppf =
+        Format.make_formatter
+          (fun buf off len -> write_gen t buf ~off ~len ~blit:Bigstringaf.blit_from_string)
+          (fun () ->
+             (* As per the Format module manual, an explicit flush writes to the
+                output channel and ensures that "all pending text is displayed"
+                and "these explicit flush calls [...] could dramatically impact efficiency".
+                Therefore it is clear that we need to call `flush t` instead of `flush_buffer t`. *)
+             if !is_formatting then flush t)
+      in
+      t.printf <- Some (ppf, is_formatting);
+      ppf, is_formatting
+  in
+  Format.kfprintf (fun ppf ->
+      if not !is_formatting then raise (Sys_error "Buf_write.printf: invalid concurrent access");
+      (* Ensure that [ppf]'s internal buffer is flushed to [t], but without flushing [t] itself: *)
+      is_formatting := false;
+      Format.pp_print_flush ppf ()
+    ) ppf
+
+let rec shift_buffers t written =
+  match Buffers.dequeue_exn t.scheduled with
+  | { Cstruct.len; _ } as iovec ->
+    if len <= written then
+      shift_buffers t (written - len)
+    else
+      Buffers.enqueue_front (Cstruct.shift iovec written) t.scheduled
+  | exception Dequeue_empty ->
+    assert (written = 0);
+    if t.scheduled_pos = t.write_pos then begin
+      t.scheduled_pos <- 0;
+      t.write_pos <- 0
+    end
+
+(* Resolve any flushes that are now due. *)
+let rec shift_flushes t =
+  match Flushes.dequeue_exn t.flushed with
+  | exception Dequeue_empty -> ()
+  | (threshold, r) as flush ->
+    (* Be careful: [bytes_written] and [threshold] both wrap, so subtract first. *)
+    if t.bytes_written - threshold >= 0 then (
+      (* We have written at least up to [threshold]
+         (or we're more than [max_int] behind, which we assume won't happen). *)
+      Promise.resolve_ok r ();
+      shift_flushes t
+    ) else (
+      Flushes.enqueue_front flush t.flushed
+    )
+
+let shift t written =
+  shift_buffers t written;
+  t.bytes_written <- t.bytes_written + written;
+  shift_flushes t
+
+let rec await_batch t =
+  flush_buffer t;
+  match t.state, has_pending_output t with
+  | Closed, false -> raise End_of_file
+  | (Active | Closed), true -> Buffers.to_list t.scheduled
+  | Paused, _ | Active, false ->
+    Suspend.enter "Buf_write.await_batch" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+            t.wake_writer <- ignore;
+            enqueue (Error ex)
+          );
+        t.wake_writer <- (fun () ->
+            (* Our caller has already set [wake_writer <- ignore]. *)
+            Fiber_context.clear_cancel_fn ctx;
+            enqueue (Ok ())
+          );
+      );
+    await_batch t
+
+(* We have to do our own copy, because we can't [shift] until the write is complete. *)
+let copy t flow =
+  let rec aux () =
+    let iovecs = await_batch t in
+    let wrote = Flow.single_write flow iovecs in
+    shift t wrote;
+    aux ()
+  in
+  try aux ()
+  with End_of_file -> ()
+
+let with_flow ?(initial_size=0x1000) flow fn =
+  Switch.run ~name:"Buf_write.with_flow" @@ fun sw ->
+  let t = create ~sw initial_size in
+  Fiber.fork ~sw (fun () -> copy t flow);
+  match fn t with
+  | x ->
+    close t;
+    x
+  | exception ex ->
+    close t;
+    (* Raising the exception will cancel the writer thread, so do a flush first.
+       We don't want to flush if cancelled, but in that case the switch will
+       end the writer thread itself (and [flush] will raise). *)
+    flush t;
+    raise ex
+
+let rec serialize t writev =
+  match await_batch t with
+  | exception End_of_file -> Ok ()
+  | iovecs ->
+    match writev iovecs with
+    | Error `Closed as e -> close t; e
+    | Ok n ->
+      shift t n;
+      if not (Buffers.is_empty t.scheduled) then Fiber.yield ();
+      serialize t writev
+
+let serialize_to_string t =
+  close t;
+  match await_batch t with
+  | exception End_of_file -> ""
+  | iovecs ->
+    let len = Cstruct.lenv iovecs in
+    let bytes = Bytes.create len in
+    let pos = ref 0 in
+    List.iter (function
+        | { Cstruct.buffer; off; len } ->
+          Bigstringaf.unsafe_blit_to_bytes buffer ~src_off:off bytes ~dst_off:!pos ~len;
+          pos := !pos + len)
+      iovecs;
+    shift t len;
+    assert (not (has_pending_output t));
+    Bytes.unsafe_to_string bytes
+
+let serialize_to_cstruct t =
+  close t;
+  match await_batch t with
+  | exception End_of_file -> Cstruct.empty
+  | iovecs ->
+    let data = Cstruct.concat iovecs in
+    shift t (Cstruct.length data);
+    assert (not (has_pending_output t));
+    data
+
+let drain =
+  let rec loop t acc =
+    match await_batch t with
+    | exception End_of_file -> acc
+    | iovecs ->
+      let len = Cstruct.lenv iovecs in
+      shift t len;
+      loop t (len + acc)
+  in
+  fun t -> loop t 0

lib_eio/buf_write.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+(* This module is based on code from Faraday (0.7.2), which had the following
+   license:
+
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Inhabited Type LLC.
+
+    All rights reserved.
+
+    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+    are met:
+
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    3. Neither the name of the author nor the names of his contributors
+       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+       without specific prior written permission.
+
+    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
+    OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+    WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+    DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+    ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+    STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
+    ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------*)
+
+(** Serialization primitives built for speed and memory-efficiency.
+
+
+    Buf_write is designed for writing fast and memory-efficient serializers.
+    It is based on the Faraday library, but adapted for Eio.
+    Its core type and related operation gives the user fine-grained control
+    over copying and allocation behavior while serializing user-defined types,
+    and presents the output in a form that makes it possible to use vectorized
+    write operations, such as the [writev][] system call, or any other platform
+    or application-specific output APIs.
+
+    A Buf_write serializer manages an internal buffer and a queue of output
+    buffers. The output buffers may be a sub range of the serializer's
+    internal buffer or one that is user-provided. Buffered writes such as
+    {!string}, {!char}, {!cstruct}, etc., copy the source bytes into the
+    serializer's internal buffer. Unbuffered writes are done with
+    {!schedule_cstruct}, which performs no copying. Instead, it enqueues the
+    source bytes into the serializer's write queue directly.
+
+    Example:
+
+    {[
+      module Write = Eio.Buf_write
+
+      let () =
+          Eio_mock.Backend.run @@ fun () ->
+          let stdout = Eio_mock.Flow.make "stdout" in
+          Write.with_flow stdout (fun w ->
+              Write.string w "foo";
+              Write.string w "bar";
+              Eio.Fiber.yield ();
+              Write.string w "baz";
+          )
+    ]}
+
+    This combines the first two writes, giving:
+
+    {[
+      +stdout: wrote "foobar"
+      +stdout: wrote "baz"
+    ]}
+ *)
+
+type t
+(** The type of a serializer. *)
+
+exception Flush_aborted
+(** Raised when waiting for a flush to complete if the buffer is destroyed instead. *)
+
+(** {2 Running} *)
+
+val with_flow : ?initial_size:int -> _ Flow.sink -> (t -> 'a) -> 'a
+(** [with_flow flow fn] runs [fn writer], where [writer] is a buffer that flushes to [flow].
+
+    Concurrently with [fn], it also runs a fiber that copies from [writer] to [flow].
+    If this fiber runs out of data to copy then it will suspend itself.
+    Writing to [writer] will automatically schedule it to be resumed.
+    This means that pending data is flushed automatically before the process sleeps.
+
+    When [fn] returns, [writer] is automatically closed and any remaining data is flushed
+    before [with_flow] itself returns.
+
+    @param initial_size The initial size of the buffer used to collect writes.
+                        New buffers will be allocated as needed, with the same size.
+                        If the buffer is too small to contain a write, the size is increased. *)
+
+
+(** {2 Buffered Writes}
+
+    A serializer manages an internal buffer for coalescing small writes. The
+    size of this buffer is determined when the serializer is created. If the
+    buffer does not contain sufficient space to service a caller's buffered
+    write, the serializer will allocate a new buffer of the sufficient size and
+    use it for the current and subsequent writes. The old buffer will be
+    garbage collected once all of its contents have been {!flush}ed. *)
+
+val string : t -> ?off:int -> ?len:int -> string -> unit
+(** [string t ?off ?len str] copies [str] into the serializer's
+    internal buffer. *)
+
+val bytes : t -> ?off:int -> ?len:int -> Bytes.t -> unit
+(** [bytes t ?off ?len bytes] copies [bytes] into the serializer's
+    internal buffer. It is safe to modify [bytes] after this call returns. *)
+
+val cstruct : t -> Cstruct.t -> unit
+(** [cstruct t cs] copies [cs] into the serializer's internal buffer.
+    It is safe to modify [cs] after this call returns.
+    For large cstructs, it may be more efficient to use {!schedule_cstruct}. *)
+
+val printf : t -> ('a, Format.formatter, unit) format -> 'a
+(** [printf t fmt ...] formats the arguments according to the format string [fmt].
+
+    It supports all formatting and pretty-printing features of the Format module.
+    The formatter's internal buffer is flushed to [t] after the call, without flushing [t] itself.
+    Explicit flushes (e.g. using [@.] or [%!]) perform a full (blocking) flush of [t]. *)
+
+val make_formatter : t -> Format.formatter
+(** [make_formatter t] creates a new formatter that writes to [t].
+
+    Flushing the formatter also flushes [t] itself. *)
+
+val write_gen
+  :  t
+  -> blit:('a -> src_off:int -> Cstruct.buffer -> dst_off:int -> len:int -> unit)
+  -> off:int
+  -> len:int
+  -> 'a -> unit
+(** [write_gen t ~blit ~off ~len x] copies [x] into the serializer's
+    internal buffer using the provided [blit] operation.
+    See {!Bigstring.blit} for documentation of the arguments. *)
+
+val char : t -> char -> unit
+(** [char t c] copies [c] into the serializer's internal buffer. *)
+
+val uint8 : t -> int -> unit
+(** [uint8 t n] copies the lower 8 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+    internal buffer. *)
+
+
+(** Big endian serializers *)
+module BE : sig
+  val uint16 : t -> int -> unit
+  (** [uint16 t n] copies the lower 16 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+      internal buffer in big-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint32 : t -> int32 -> unit
+  (** [uint32 t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      big-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint48 : t -> int64 -> unit
+  (** [uint48 t n] copies the lower 48 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+      internal buffer in big-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint64 : t -> int64 -> unit
+  (** [uint64 t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      big-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val float : t -> float -> unit
+  (** [float t n] copies the lower 32 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+      internal buffer in big-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val double : t -> float -> unit
+  (** [double t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      big-endian byte order. *)
+end
+
+
+(** Little endian serializers *)
+module LE : sig
+  val uint16 : t -> int -> unit
+  (** [uint16 t n] copies the lower 16 bits of [n] into the
+      serializer's internal buffer in little-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint32 : t -> int32 -> unit
+  (** [uint32 t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      little-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint48 : t -> int64 -> unit
+  (** [uint48 t n] copies the lower 48 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+      internal buffer in little-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val uint64 : t -> int64 -> unit
+  (** [uint64 t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      little-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val float : t -> float -> unit
+  (** [float t n] copies the lower 32 bits of [n] into the serializer's
+      internal buffer in little-endian byte order. *)
+
+  val double : t -> float -> unit
+  (** [double t n] copies [n] into the serializer's internal buffer in
+      little-endian byte order. *)
+end
+
+
+(** {2 Unbuffered Writes}
+
+    Unbuffered writes do not involve copying bytes to the serializer's internal
+    buffer. *)
+
+val schedule_cstruct : t -> Cstruct.t -> unit
+(** [schedule_cstruct t cs] schedules [cs] to be written.
+    [cs] is not copied in this process,
+    so [cs] should only be modified after [t] has been {!flush}ed. *)
+
+
+(** {2 Querying A Serializer's State} *)
+
+val free_bytes_in_buffer : t -> int
+(** [free_bytes_in_buffer t] returns the free space, in bytes, of the
+    serializer's write buffer. If a write call has a length that exceeds
+    this value, the serializer will allocate a new buffer that will replace the
+    serializer's internal buffer for that and subsequent calls. *)
+
+val has_pending_output : t -> bool
+(** [has_pending_output t] is [true] if [t]'s output queue is non-empty. It may
+    be the case that [t]'s queued output is being serviced by some other thread
+    of control, but has not yet completed. *)
+
+val pending_bytes : t -> int
+(** [pending_bytes t] is the size of the next write, in bytes, that [t] will
+    surface to the caller via {!await_batch}. *)
+
+
+(** {2 Control Operations} *)
+
+val pause : t -> unit
+(** [pause t] causes [t] to stop surfacing writes to the user.
+    This gives the serializer an opportunity to collect additional writes
+    before sending them to the underlying device, which will increase the write
+    batch size.
+
+    As one example, code may want to call this function if it's about to
+    release the OCaml lock and perform a blocking system call, but would like
+    to batch output across that system call.
+
+    Call {!unpause} to resume writing later.
+    Note that calling {!flush} or {!close} will automatically call {!unpause} too. *)
+
+val unpause : t -> unit
+(** [unpause t] resumes writing data after a previous call to {!pause}. *)
+
+val flush : t -> unit
+(** [flush t] waits until all prior writes have been successfully completed.
+    If [t] has no pending writes, [flush] returns immediately.
+    If [t] is paused then it is unpaused first.
+    @raise Flush_aborted if {!abort} is called before the data is written. *)
+
+val close : t -> unit
+(** [close t] closes [t]. All subsequent write calls will raise, and any
+    subsequent {!pause} calls will be ignored. If the serializer has
+    any pending writes, user code will have an opportunity to service them
+    before receiving [End_of_file]. Flush callbacks will continue to
+    be invoked while output is {!shift}ed out of [t] as needed. *)
+
+val is_closed : t -> bool
+(** [is_closed t] is [true] if [close] has been called on [t] and [false]
+    otherwise. A closed [t] may still have pending output. *)
+
+
+(** {2 Low-level API}
+
+    Low-level operations for running a serializer. *)
+
+val create : ?sw:Switch.t -> int -> t
+(** [create ~sw len] creates a serializer with a fixed-length internal buffer of
+    length [len]. See the Buffered writes section for details about what happens
+    when [len] is not large enough to support a write.
+    @param sw When the switch is finished, {!abort} is called.
+              If you don't pass a switch, you may want to call [abort] manually on error. *)
+
+val of_buffer : ?sw:Switch.t -> Cstruct.buffer -> t
+(** [of_buffer ~sw buf] creates a serializer, using [buf] as its internal
+    buffer. The serializer takes ownership of [buf] until the serializer has
+    been closed and flushed of all output. *)
+
+val abort : t -> unit
+(** [abort t] is like {!close} followed by {!drain}, except that any pending
+    flush operations fail instead of completing successfully. *)
+
+val await_batch : t -> Cstruct.t list
+(** [await_batch t] returns a list of buffers that should be written.
+    If no data is currently available, it waits until some is.
+    After performing a write, call {!shift} with the number of bytes written.
+    You must accurately report the number of bytes written. Failure to do so
+    will result in the same bytes being surfaced multiple times.
+    @raises End_of_file [t] is closed and there is nothing left to write. *)
+
+val shift : t -> int -> unit
+(** [shift t n] removes the first [n] bytes in [t]'s write queue. Any flush
+    operations called within this span of the write queue will be scheduled
+    to resume. *)
+
+
+(** {2 Convenience Functions}
+
+    These functions are included for testing, debugging, and general
+    development. They are not the suggested way of driving a serializer in a
+    production setting. *)
+
+val serialize : t -> (Cstruct.t list -> (int, [`Closed]) result) -> (unit, [> `Closed]) result
+(** [serialize t writev] calls [writev bufs] each time [t] is ready to write.
+    In the event that [writev] indicates a partial write, {!serialize} will
+    call {!Fiber.yield} before continuing. *)
+
+val serialize_to_string : t -> string
+(** [serialize_to_string t] runs [t], collecting the output into a string and
+    returning it. [serializie_to_string t] immediately closes [t]. *)
+
+val serialize_to_cstruct : t -> Cstruct.t
+(** [serialize_to_cstruct t] runs [t], collecting the output into a cstruct
+    and returning it. [serialize_to_cstruct t] immediately closes [t]. *)
+
+val drain : t -> int
+(** [drain t] removes all pending writes from [t], returning the number of
+    bytes that were enqueued to be written and freeing any scheduled
+    buffers in the process. Note that this does not close [t] itself,
+    and does not return until [t] has been closed. *)

lib_eio/condition.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+(* Import these directly because we copy this file for the dscheck tests. *)
+module Fiber_context = Eio__core.Private.Fiber_context
+module Suspend = Eio__core.Private.Suspend
+module Cancel = Eio__core.Cancel
+
+type t = Broadcast.t
+
+let create () = Broadcast.create ()
+
+let lock_protected m =
+  Cancel.protect (fun () -> Eio_mutex.lock m)
+
+let await_generic ?mutex t =
+  match
+    Suspend.enter_unchecked "Condition.await" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        match Fiber_context.get_error ctx with
+        | Some ex ->
+          Option.iter Eio_mutex.unlock mutex;
+          enqueue (Error ex)
+        | None ->
+          match Broadcast.suspend t (fun () -> enqueue (Ok ())) with
+          | None ->
+            Option.iter Eio_mutex.unlock mutex
+          | Some request ->
+            Option.iter Eio_mutex.unlock mutex;
+            Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+                if Broadcast.cancel request then enqueue (Error ex)
+                (* else already succeeded *)
+              )
+      )
+  with
+  | () -> Option.iter lock_protected mutex
+  | exception ex ->
+    let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+    Option.iter lock_protected mutex;
+    Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+
+let await t mutex = await_generic ~mutex t
+let await_no_mutex t = await_generic t
+
+let broadcast = Broadcast.resume_all
+
+type request = Broadcast.request option
+
+let register_immediate = Broadcast.suspend
+
+let cancel = function
+  | Some request -> Broadcast.cancel request
+  | None -> false
+
+let ensure_cancelled x = ignore (cancel x : bool)
+
+type state =
+  | Init
+  | Waiting of ((unit, exn) result -> unit)
+  | Done
+
+(* There main property want is that we don't suspend forever if a broadcast
+   happened after [fn] started, or if the fiber is cancelled.
+
+   1. We start in the Init state.
+   2. If a broadcast happens here we move to Done. If we later try to suspend, we'll resume immediately.
+   3. We run [fn]. If a broadcast happens during this we'll transition to Done as before.
+   4. If [fn] raises or wants to stop normally, we return without suspending at all.
+   5. Otherwise, we suspend the fiber.
+   6. We try to transition from Init to Waiting.
+      If a broadcast transitioned to Done before this, we resume immediately.
+      If a broadcast transitions afterwards, [wake] will see the [enqueue] function and wake us.
+      Therefore, we can only sleep forever if a broadcast never happens after starting [fn].
+   7. If the fiber is cancelled before suspending, we raise on suspend.
+      If cancelled after suspending and before the request succeeds, we cancel the request and raise.
+      If cancelled after the request succeeds, [wake] will resume us.
+*)
+let rec loop_no_mutex t fn =
+  let state = Atomic.make Init in
+  let wake () =
+    match Atomic.exchange state Done with
+    | Init -> ()        (* Broadcast happened before we suspended; suspend will notice *)
+    | Waiting enqueue -> enqueue (Ok ())
+    | Done -> assert false
+  in
+  let request = Broadcast.suspend t wake in
+  (* Note: to avoid memory leaks, make sure that [request] is finished in all cases. *)
+  match fn () with
+  | exception ex ->
+    let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+    ensure_cancelled request;
+    Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+  | Some x ->
+    ensure_cancelled request;
+    x
+  | None ->
+    Suspend.enter_unchecked "Condition.loop_no_mutex" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        match Fiber_context.get_error ctx with
+        | Some ex ->
+          ensure_cancelled request;
+          (* If a broadcast already happened, we still cancel. *)
+          enqueue (Error ex)
+        | None ->
+          let waiting = Waiting enqueue in
+          if Atomic.compare_and_set state Init waiting then (
+            (* We were in Init, so [wake] hasn't yet done anything.
+               When it runs, it will resume us.
+               We're also not currently cancelled, because we checked above
+               and cancellations only come from the same thread. *)
+            Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+                if cancel request then (
+                  (* We could set the state to Done here, but there's no need;
+                     we're not racing with anything now. [wake] never runs. *)
+                  enqueue (Error ex)
+                ) (* else we already got resumed *)
+              )
+          ) else (
+            (* State is already Done, but [wake] couldn't wake us then
+               because we hadn't moved to [waiting]. Resume now. *)
+            enqueue (Ok ())
+          )
+      );
+    loop_no_mutex t fn

lib_eio/condition.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+(** Waiters call {!await} in a loop as long as some condition is false.
+    Fibers that modify inputs to the condition must call [broadcast] soon
+    afterwards so that waiters can re-check the condition.
+
+    Example:
+
+    {[
+      let x = ref 0
+      let cond = Eio.Condition.create ()
+      let mutex = Eio.Mutex.create ()
+
+      let set_x value =
+        Eio.Mutex.use_rw ~protect:false mutex (fun () -> x := value);
+        Eio.Condition.broadcast cond
+
+      let await_x p =
+        Eio.Mutex.use_ro mutex (fun () ->
+           while not (p !x) do                  (* [x] cannot change, as mutex is locked. *)
+             Eio.Condition.await cond mutex     (* Mutex is unlocked while suspended. *)
+           done
+        )
+    ]}
+
+    It is used like this:
+
+    {[
+      Fiber.both
+        (fun () ->
+           traceln "x = %d" !x;
+           await_x ((=) 42);
+           traceln "x = %d" !x
+        )
+        (fun () ->
+           set_x 5;
+           Fiber.yield ();
+           set_x 7;
+           set_x 42;
+        )
+    ]}
+*)
+
+type t
+
+val create : unit -> t
+(** [create ()] creates a new condition variable. *)
+
+val await : t -> Eio_mutex.t -> unit
+(** [await t mutex] suspends the current fiber until it is notified by [t].
+
+    You should lock [mutex] before testing whether the condition is true,
+    and leave it locked while calling this function.
+    It will be unlocked while the fiber is waiting and locked again before
+    returning (it is also locked again if the wait is cancelled). *)
+
+val await_no_mutex : t -> unit
+(** [await_no_mutex t] suspends the current fiber until it is notified by [t].
+
+    This is only safe to use in the case where [t] is only used within a single domain,
+    and the test for the condition was done without switching fibers.
+    i.e. you know the condition is still false, and no notification of a change can be sent
+    until [await_no_mutex] has finished suspending the fiber. *)
+
+val loop_no_mutex : t -> (unit -> 'a option) -> 'a
+(** [loop_no_mutex t update] runs [update ()] until it returns [Some x], then returns [x].
+
+    If [update ()] returns [None] then it waits until {!broadcast} is called before retrying.
+    If {!broadcast} is called while [update] is running, [update] runs again immediately.
+
+    For example, if [broadcast config_changed] is performed after some configuration file is changed, then
+    you can ensure [load_config] will always eventually have seen the latest configuration like this:
+
+    {[
+      Fiber.fork_daemon ~sw (fun () ->
+        loop_no_mutex config_changed (fun () -> load_config (); None)
+      )
+    ]}
+
+    Note that, since there is no lock, [load_config] may see a half-written update if the configuration
+    is changed again before it finishes reading it,
+    so it should just log the error and wait to be called again. *)
+
+val broadcast : t -> unit
+(** [broadcast t] wakes up any waiting fibers (by appending them to the run-queue to resume later).
+
+    If no fibers are waiting, nothing happens. *)
+
+(** {2 Low-level API}
+
+    This is intended only for integrating Eio with other IO libraries. *)
+
+type request
+
+val register_immediate : t -> (unit -> unit) -> request
+(** [register_immediate t fn] will call [fn ()] the next time {!broadcast} is called.
+
+    [fn] runs immediately from the caller's context, which might not be an Eio thread, or may be a signal handler, etc.
+    Therefore, care is needed here. This is typically used to send a wake-up event to some non-Eio library. *)
+
+val cancel : request -> bool
+(** [cancel request] tries to cancel a request created with {!register_unsafe}.
+
+    It returns [true] if the request was cancelled (the callback will never be called),
+    or [false] if the request was already complete (the callback has already been called). *)

lib_eio/core/broadcast.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+(* See the Cells module for an overview of this system.
+
+   Each new waiter atomically increments the "suspend" pointer and writes
+   a callback there. The waking fiber removes all the callbacks and calls them.
+   In this version, "resume" never gets ahead of "suspend" (broadcasting just
+   brings it up-to-date with the "suspend" pointer).
+
+   When the resume fiber runs, some of the cells reserved for callbacks might
+   not yet have been filled. In this case, the resuming fiber just marks them
+   as needing to be resumed. When the suspending fiber continues, it will
+   notice this and continue immediately. *)
+
+module Cell = struct
+  (* For any given cell, there are two actors running in parallel: the
+     suspender and the resumer.
+
+     The resumer only performs a single operation (resume).
+
+     The consumer waits to be resumed and then, optionally, cancels.
+
+     This means we only have three cases to think about:
+
+     1. Consumer adds request (Empty -> Request).
+        1a. Provider fulfills it (Request -> Resumed).
+        1b. Consumer cancels it (Request -> Cancelled).
+     2. Provider gets to cell first (Empty -> Resumed).
+        When the consumer tries to wait, it resumes immediately.
+
+     The Resumed state should never been seen. It exists only to allow the
+     request to be GC'd promptly. We could replace it with Empty, but having
+     separate states is clearer for debugging. *)
+
+  type _ t =
+    | Request of (unit -> unit)
+    | Cancelled
+    | Resumed
+    | Empty
+
+  let init = Empty
+
+  let segment_order = 2
+
+  let dump f = function
+    | Request _ -> Fmt.string f "Request"
+    | Empty -> Fmt.string f "Empty"
+    | Resumed -> Fmt.string f "Resumed"
+    | Cancelled -> Fmt.string f "Cancelled"
+end
+
+module Cells = Cells.Make(Cell)
+
+type cell = unit Cell.t
+type t = unit Cells.t
+
+type request = unit Cells.segment * cell Atomic.t
+
+let rec resume cell =
+  match (Atomic.get cell : cell) with
+  | Request r as cur ->
+    (* The common case: we have a waiter for the value *)
+    if Atomic.compare_and_set cell cur Resumed then r ();
+    (* else it was cancelled at the same time; ignore *)
+  | Empty ->
+    (* The consumer has reserved this cell but not yet stored the request.
+       We place Resumed there and it will handle it soon. *)
+    if Atomic.compare_and_set cell Empty Resumed then
+      ()                (* The consumer will deal with it *)
+    else
+      resume cell       (* The Request was added concurrently; use it *)
+  | Cancelled -> ()
+  | Resumed ->
+    (* This state is unreachable because we (the provider) haven't set this yet *)
+    assert false
+
+let cancel (segment, cell) =
+  match (Atomic.get cell : cell) with
+  | Request _ as old ->
+    if Atomic.compare_and_set cell old Cancelled then (
+      Cells.cancel_cell segment;
+      true
+    ) else false          (* We got resumed first *)
+  | Resumed -> false      (* We got resumed first *)
+  | Cancelled -> invalid_arg "Already cancelled!"
+  | Empty ->
+    (* To call [cancel] the user needs a [request] value,
+       which they only get once we've reached the [Request] state.
+       [Empty] is unreachable from [Request]. *)
+    assert false
+
+let suspend t k =
+  let (_, cell) as request = Cells.next_suspend t in
+  if Atomic.compare_and_set cell Empty (Request k) then Some request
+  else match Atomic.get cell with
+    | Resumed ->
+      (* Resumed before we could add the waiter *)
+      k ();
+      None
+    | Cancelled | Request _ | Empty ->
+      (* These are unreachable from the previously-observed non-Empty state
+         without us taking some action first *)
+      assert false
+
+let resume_all t =
+  Cells.resume_all t resume
+
+let create = Cells.make
+
+let dump f t = Cells.dump f t

lib_eio/core/broadcast.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+(** A lock-free queue of waiters that should all be resumed at once.
+
+    This uses {!Cells} internally. *)
+
+type t
+
+type request
+(** A handle to a pending request that can be used to cancel it. *)
+
+val create : unit -> t
+(** [create ()] is a fresh broadcast queue. *)
+
+val suspend : t -> (unit -> unit) -> request option
+(** [suspend t fn] arranges for [fn ()] to be called on {!resume_all}.
+
+    [fn ()] may be called from the caller's context, or by [resume_all],
+    so it needs to be able to cope with running in any context where that
+    can run. For example, [fn] must be safe to call from a signal handler
+    if [resume_all] can be called from one. [fn] must not raise.
+
+    The returned request can be used to cancel. It can be [None] in the
+    (unlikely) event that [t] got resumed before the function returned. *)
+
+val resume_all : t -> unit
+(** [resume_all t] calls all non-cancelled callbacks attached to [t],
+    in the order in which they were suspended.
+
+    This function is lock-free and can be used safely even from a signal handler or GC finalizer. *)
+
+val cancel : request -> bool
+(** [cancel request] attempts to remove a pending request.
+
+    It returns [true] if the request was cancelled, or [false] if it got
+    resumed before that could happen. *)
+
+val dump : Format.formatter -> t -> unit
+(** Display the internal state of a queue, for debugging. *)

lib_eio/core/cancel.ml

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 exception Cancelled = Exn.Cancelled
-exception Cancel_hook_failed = Exn.Cancel_hook_failed
 
 type state =
   | On
@@ -9,13 +8,13 @@ type state =
 (* There is a tree of cancellation contexts for each domain.
    A fiber is always in exactly one context, but can move to a new child and back (see [sub]).
    While a fiber is performing a cancellable operation, it sets a cancel function.
-   When a context is cancelled, we attempt to call and remove each fiber's cancellation function, if any.
-   Cancelling always happens from the fiber's own domain, but the cancellation function may be removed
-   from another domain as soon as an operation is known to have succeeded.
-   An operation may either finish normally or be cancelled;
-   whoever manages to clear the cancellation function is responsible for resuming the continuation.
-   If cancelled, this is done by calling the cancellation function. *)
+   When a context is cancelled, we call each fiber's cancellation function (first replacing it with [ignore]).
+   Cancelling always happens from the fiber's own domain.
+   An operation may either finish normally or be cancelled (not both).
+   If a function can succeed in a separate domain,
+   the user's cancel function is responsible for ensuring that this is done atomically. *)
 type t = {
+  id : Trace.id;
   mutable state : state;
   children : t Lwt_dllist.t;
   fibers : fiber_context Lwt_dllist.t;
@@ -23,10 +22,11 @@ type t = {
   domain : Domain.id;         (* Prevent access from other domains *)
 }
 and fiber_context = {
-  tid : Ctf.id;
+  tid : Trace.id;
   mutable cancel_context : t;
   mutable cancel_node : fiber_context Lwt_dllist.node option; (* Our entry in [cancel_context.fibers] *)
-  cancel_fn : (exn -> unit) option Atomic.t;
+  mutable cancel_fn : exn -> unit;  (* Encourage the current operation to finish *)
+  mutable vars : Hmap.t;
 }
 
 type _ Effect.t += Get_context : fiber_context Effect.t
@@ -90,10 +90,12 @@ let move_fiber_to t fiber =
   fiber.cancel_node <- Some new_node
 
 (* Note: the new value is not linked into the cancellation tree. *)
-let create ~protected =
+let create ~protected purpose =
   let children = Lwt_dllist.create () in
   let fibers = Lwt_dllist.create () in
-  { state = Finished; children; protected; fibers; domain = Domain.self () }
+  let id = Trace.mint_id () in
+  Trace.create_cc id purpose;
+  { id; state = Finished; children; protected; fibers; domain = Domain.self () }
 
 (* Links [t] into the tree as a child of [parent] and returns a function to remove it again. *)
 let activate t ~parent =
@@ -107,37 +109,38 @@ let activate t ~parent =
     Lwt_dllist.remove node
 
 (* Runs [fn] with a fresh cancellation context. *)
-let with_cc ~ctx:fiber ~parent ~protected fn =
-  let t = create ~protected in
+let with_cc ~ctx:fiber ~parent ~protected purpose fn =
+  if not protected then check parent;
+  let t = create ~protected purpose in
   let deactivate = activate t ~parent in
   move_fiber_to t fiber;
   let cleanup () = move_fiber_to parent fiber; deactivate () in
   match fn t with
-  | x            -> cleanup (); x
-  | exception ex -> cleanup (); raise ex
+  | x            -> cleanup (); Trace.exit_cc (); x
+  | exception ex -> cleanup (); Trace.exit_cc (); raise ex
 
 let protect fn =
   let ctx = Effect.perform Get_context in
-  with_cc ~ctx ~parent:ctx.cancel_context ~protected:true @@ fun _ ->
+  with_cc ~ctx ~parent:ctx.cancel_context ~protected:true Protect @@ fun _ ->
   (* Note: there is no need to check the new context after [fn] returns;
      the goal of cancellation is only to finish the thread promptly, not to report the error.
      We also do not check the parent context, to make sure the caller has a chance to handle the result. *)
   fn ()
 
-let rec cancel_internal t ex acc_fns =
-  let collect_cancel_fn fiber acc =
-    match Atomic.exchange fiber.cancel_fn None with
-    | None -> acc        (* The operation succeeded and so can't be cancelled now *)
-    | Some cancel_fn -> cancel_fn :: acc
-  in
+(* Mark the cancellation tree rooted at [t] as Cancelling (stopping at protected sub-contexts),
+   and return a list of all fibers in the newly-cancelling contexts. Since modifying the cancellation
+   tree can only be done from our domain, this is effectively an atomic operation. Once it returns,
+   new (non-protected) fibers cannot be added to any of the cancelling contexts. *)
+let rec cancel_internal t ex acc_fibers =
   match t.state with
   | Finished -> invalid_arg "Cancellation context finished!"
-  | Cancelling _ -> acc_fns
+  | Cancelling _ -> acc_fibers
   | On ->
     let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
     t.state <- Cancelling (ex, bt);
-    let acc_fns = Lwt_dllist.fold_l collect_cancel_fn t.fibers acc_fns in
-    Lwt_dllist.fold_r (cancel_child ex) t.children acc_fns
+    Trace.error t.id ex;
+    let acc_fibers = Lwt_dllist.fold_r List.cons t.fibers acc_fibers in
+    Lwt_dllist.fold_r (cancel_child ex) t.children acc_fibers
 and cancel_child ex t acc =
   if t.protected then acc
   else cancel_internal t ex acc
@@ -147,33 +150,43 @@ let check_our_domain t =
 
 let cancel t ex =
   check_our_domain t;
-  let fns = cancel_internal t ex [] in
+  let fibers = cancel_internal t ex [] in
   let cex = Cancelled ex in
   let rec aux = function
     | [] -> []
-    | fn :: fns ->
+    | x :: xs ->
+      let fn = x.cancel_fn in
+      x.cancel_fn <- ignore;
       match fn cex with
-      | () -> aux fns
-      | exception ex2 -> ex2 :: aux fns
+      | () -> aux xs
+      | exception ex2 ->
+        let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+        (ex2, bt) :: aux xs
   in
-  if fns <> [] then (
-    match protect (fun () -> aux fns) with
+  if fibers <> [] then (
+    match aux fibers with
     | [] -> ()
-    | exns -> raise (Cancel_hook_failed exns)
+    | ex :: exs ->
+      let ex, bt = List.fold_left Exn.combine ex exs in
+      Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
   )
 
-let sub fn =
+let sub_checked ?name purpose fn =
   let ctx = Effect.perform Get_context in
   let parent = ctx.cancel_context in
-  with_cc ~ctx ~parent ~protected:false @@ fun t ->
+  with_cc ~ctx ~parent ~protected:false purpose @@ fun t ->
+  Option.iter (Trace.name t.id) name;
   fn t
 
+let sub fn =
+  sub_checked Sub fn
+
 (* Like [sub], but it's OK if the new context is cancelled.
    (instead, return the parent context on exit so the caller can check that) *)
-let sub_unchecked fn =
+let sub_unchecked purpose fn =
   let ctx = Effect.perform Get_context in
   let parent = ctx.cancel_context in
-  with_cc ~ctx ~parent ~protected:false @@ fun t ->
+  with_cc ~ctx ~parent ~protected:false purpose @@ fun t ->
   fn t;
   parent
 
@@ -186,24 +199,37 @@ module Fiber_context = struct
   let get_error t = get_error t.cancel_context
 
   let set_cancel_fn t fn =
-    (* if Atomic.exchange t.cancel_fn (Some fn) <> None then failwith "Fiber already has a cancel function!" *)
-    Atomic.set t.cancel_fn (Some fn)
+    t.cancel_fn <- fn
 
   let clear_cancel_fn t =
-    Atomic.exchange t.cancel_fn None <> None
+    t.cancel_fn <- ignore
 
-  let make ~cc =
-    let tid = Ctf.mint_id () in
-    Ctf.note_created tid Ctf.Task;
-    let t = { tid; cancel_context = cc; cancel_node = None; cancel_fn = Atomic.make None } in
+  let make ~cc ~vars =
+    let tid = Trace.mint_id () in
+    Trace.create_fiber tid ~cc:cc.id;
+    let t = { tid; cancel_context = cc; cancel_node = None; cancel_fn = ignore; vars } in
     t.cancel_node <- Some (Lwt_dllist.add_r t cc.fibers);
     t
 
   let make_root () =
-    let cc = create ~protected:false in
+    let cc = create ~protected:false Root in
     cc.state <- On;
-    make ~cc
+    make ~cc ~vars:Hmap.empty
 
   let destroy t =
+    Trace.exit_fiber t.tid;
     Option.iter Lwt_dllist.remove t.cancel_node
+
+  let vars t = t.vars
+
+  let get_vars () =
+    vars (Effect.perform Get_context)
+
+  let with_vars t vars fn =
+    let old_vars = t.vars in
+    t.vars <- vars;
+    let cleanup () = t.vars <- old_vars in
+    match fn () with
+    | x            -> cleanup (); x
+    | exception ex -> cleanup (); raise ex
 end

lib_eio/core/cells.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+module type CELL = sig
+  type 'a t
+  val init : 'a t
+  val segment_order : int
+  val dump : _ t Fmt.t
+end
+
+(* To avoid worrying about wrapping on 32-bit platforms,
+   we use 63-bit integers for indexes in all cases.
+   On 64-bit platforms, this is just [int]. *)
+module Int63 = struct
+  include Optint.Int63
+
+  (* Fallback for 32-bit platforms. *)
+  let rec fetch_and_add_fallback t delta =
+    let old = Atomic.get t in
+    if Atomic.compare_and_set t old (add old (of_int delta)) then old
+    else fetch_and_add_fallback t delta
+
+  let fetch_and_add : t Atomic.t -> int -> t =
+    match is_immediate with
+    | True -> Atomic.fetch_and_add
+    | False -> fetch_and_add_fallback
+end
+
+module Make(Cell : CELL) = struct
+  let cells_per_segment = 1 lsl Cell.segment_order
+  let segment_mask = cells_per_segment - 1
+
+  (* An index identifies a cell. It is a pair of the segment ID and the offset
+     within the segment, packed into a single integer so we can increment it
+     atomically. *)
+  module Index : sig
+    type t
+    type segment_id = Int63.t
+
+    val of_segment : segment_id -> t
+    (* [of_segment x] is the index of the first cell in segment [x]. *)
+
+    val segment : t -> segment_id
+    val offset : t -> int
+
+    val zero : t
+    val succ : t -> t
+    val pred : t -> t
+
+    val next : t Atomic.t -> t
+
+    (* val pp : t Fmt.t *)
+  end = struct
+    type t = Int63.t
+    type segment_id = Int63.t
+
+    let segment t = Int63.shift_right_logical t Cell.segment_order
+    let of_segment id = Int63.shift_left id Cell.segment_order
+
+    let offset t = Int63.to_int t land segment_mask
+
+    let zero = Int63.zero
+    let succ = Int63.succ
+    let pred = Int63.pred
+
+    let next t_atomic =
+      Int63.fetch_and_add t_atomic (+1)
+
+    (* let pp f t = Fmt.pf f "%d:%d" (segment t) (offset t) *)
+  end
+
+  (* A pair with counts for the number of cancelled cells in a segment and the
+     number of pointers to it, packed as an integer so it can be adjusted atomically. *)
+  module Count : sig
+    type t
+
+    val create : pointers:int -> t
+    (* [create ~pointers] is a new counter for a segment.
+       Initially there are no cancelled cells. *)
+
+    val removed : t -> bool
+    (* [removed t] is true if a segment with this count should be removed
+       (i.e. all cells are cancelled and it has no pointers).
+       Once this returns [true], it will always return [true] in future. *)
+
+    val incr_cancelled : t -> bool
+    (* Increment the count of cancelled cells, then return [removed t] for the new state. *)
+
+    val try_inc_pointers : t -> bool
+    (* Atomically increment the pointers count, unless [removed t].
+       Returns [true] on success. *)
+
+    val dec_pointers : t -> bool
+    (* Decrement the pointers count, then return [removed t] for the new state. *)
+
+    val validate : expected_pointers:int -> t -> unit
+    (* [validate ~expected_pointers t] check that [t] is a valid count for a non-removed segment. *)
+
+    val dump : t Fmt.t
+  end = struct
+    type t = int Atomic.t
+
+    (* We use 16 bits for the cancelled count, which should be plenty.
+       The remaining bits (at least 15) are used for the pointer count,
+       which normally doesn't go above 2 (except temporarily, and limited
+       by the number of domains). *)
+    let () = assert (cells_per_segment < 0x10000)
+
+    let v ~pointers ~cancelled = (pointers lsl 16) lor cancelled
+    let v_removed = v ~pointers:0 ~cancelled:cells_per_segment
+    let pointers v = v lsr 16
+    let cancelled v = v land 0xffff
+
+    let create ~pointers = Atomic.make (v ~pointers ~cancelled:0)
+
+    let dump f t =
+      let v = Atomic.get t in
+      Fmt.pf f "pointers=%d, cancelled=%d" (pointers v) (cancelled v)
+
+    let incr_cancelled t =
+      Atomic.fetch_and_add t 1 = v_removed - 1
+
+    let rec try_inc_pointers t =
+      let v = Atomic.get t in
+      if v = v_removed then false
+      else (
+        if Atomic.compare_and_set t v (v + (1 lsl 16)) then true
+        else try_inc_pointers t
+      )
+
+    let dec_pointers t =
+      Atomic.fetch_and_add t (-1 lsl 16) = v_removed + (1 lsl 16)
+
+    let removed t =
+      Atomic.get t = v_removed
+
+    let validate ~expected_pointers t =
+      let v = Atomic.get t in
+      assert (cancelled v >= 0 && cancelled v <= cells_per_segment);
+      if cancelled v = cells_per_segment then assert (pointers v > 0);
+      if pointers v <> expected_pointers then
+        Fmt.failwith "Bad pointer count!"
+  end
+
+  (* A segment is a node in a linked list containing an array of [cells_per_segment] cells. *)
+  module Segment : sig
+    type 'a t
+
+    val make_init : unit -> 'a t
+    (* [make_init ()] is a new initial segment. *)
+
+    val id : _ t -> Index.segment_id
+
+    val get : 'a t -> int -> 'a Cell.t Atomic.t
+    (* [get t offset] is the cell at [offset] within [t]. *)
+
+    val try_inc_pointers : _ t -> bool
+    (* Atomically increment the pointers count if the segment isn't removed.
+       Returns [true] on success, or [false] if the segment was removed first. *)
+
+    val dec_pointers : _ t -> unit
+    (* Decrement the pointers count, removing the segment if it is no longer
+       needed. *)
+
+    val find : 'a t -> Index.segment_id -> 'a t
+    (* [find t id] finds the segment [id] searching forwards from [t].
+
+       If the target segment has not yet been created, this creates it (atomically).
+       If the target segment has been removed, this returns the next non-removed segment. *)
+
+    val clear_prev : _ t -> unit
+    (* Called when the resumer has reached this segment,
+       so it will never need to skip over any previous segments.
+       Therefore, the previous pointer is no longer required and
+       previous segments can be GC'd. *)
+
+    val cancel_cell : _ t -> unit
+    (* Increment the cancelled-cells counter, and remove the segment if it is no longer useful. *)
+
+    val validate : 'a t -> suspend:'a t -> resume:'a t -> unit
+    (* [validate t ~suspend ~resume] checks that [t] is in a valid state,
+       assuming there are no operations currently in progress.
+       [suspend] and [resume] are the segments of the suspend and resume pointers.
+       It checks that both are reachable from [t]. *)
+
+    val dump_list : label:Index.t Fmt.t -> 'a t Fmt.t
+    (* [dump_list] formats this segment and all following ones for debugging.
+       @param label Used to annotate indexes. *)
+  end = struct
+    type 'a t = {
+      id : Index.segment_id;
+      count : Count.t;
+      cells : 'a Cell.t Atomic.t array;
+      prev : 'a t option Atomic.t;      (* None if first, or [prev] is no longer needed *)
+      next : 'a t option Atomic.t;      (* None if not yet created *)
+    }
+
+    let id t = t.id
+
+    let get t i = Array.get t.cells i
+
+    let pp_id f t = Int63.pp f t.id
+
+    let dump_cells ~label f t =
+      let idx = ref (Index.of_segment t.id) in
+      for i = 0 to Array.length t.cells - 1 do
+        Fmt.pf f "@,%a" Cell.dump (Atomic.get t.cells.(i));
+        label f !idx;
+        idx := Index.succ !idx
+      done
+
+    let rec dump_list ~label f t =
+      Fmt.pf f "@[<v2>Segment %a (prev=%a, %a):%a@]"
+        pp_id t
+        (Fmt.Dump.option pp_id) (Atomic.get t.prev)
+        Count.dump t.count
+        (dump_cells ~label) t;
+      let next = Atomic.get t.next in
+      begin match next with
+        | Some next when next.id = Int63.succ t.id ->
+          ()       (* We'll show the labels at the start of the next segment *)
+        | _ ->
+          Fmt.pf f "@,End%a"
+            label (Index.of_segment (Int63.succ t.id))
+      end;
+      Option.iter (fun next -> Fmt.cut f (); dump_list ~label f next) next
+
+    let next t =
+      match Atomic.get t.next with
+      | Some s -> s
+      | None ->
+        let next = {
+          id = Int63.succ t.id;
+          count = Count.create ~pointers:0;
+          cells = Array.init cells_per_segment (fun (_ : int) -> Atomic.make Cell.init);
+          next = Atomic.make None;
+          prev = Atomic.make (Some t);
+        } in
+        if Atomic.compare_and_set t.next None (Some next) then next
+        else Atomic.get t.next |> Option.get
+
+    let removed t =
+      Count.removed t.count
+
+    (* Get the previous non-removed segment, if any. *)
+    let rec alive_prev t =
+      match Atomic.get t.prev with
+      | Some prev when removed prev -> alive_prev prev
+      | x -> x
+
+    (* Get the next non-removed segment. *)
+    let alive_next t =
+      let next = Atomic.get t.next |> Option.get in
+      let rec live x =
+        if removed x then (
+          match Atomic.get x.next with
+          | Some next -> live next
+          | None -> x  (* The paper says to return "tail if all are removed", but can that ever happen? *)
+        ) else x
+      in
+      live next
+
+    (* Remove [t] from the linked-list by splicing together
+       the previous live segment before us to the next live one afterwards.
+       The tricky case is when two adjacent segments get removed at the same time.
+       If that happens, the next and prev lists will still always be valid
+       (i.e. will include all live segments, in the correct order), but may not be optimal.
+       However, we will detect that case when it happens and fix it up immediately. *)
+    let rec remove t =
+      if Atomic.get t.next = None then () (* Can't remove tail. This shouldn't happen anyway. *)
+      else (
+        let prev = alive_prev t
+        and next = alive_next t in
+        (* [prev] might have been removed by the time we do this, but it doesn't matter,
+           we're still only skipping removed segments (just not as many as desired).
+           We'll fix it up afterwards in that case. *)
+        Atomic.set next.prev prev;
+        (* Likewise [next] might have been removed too by now, but we'll correct later. *)
+        Option.iter (fun prev -> Atomic.set prev.next (Some next)) prev;
+        (* If either got removed by now, start again. *)
+        if removed next && Atomic.get next.next <> None then remove t
+        else match prev with
+          | Some prev when removed prev -> remove t
+          | _ -> ()
+      )
+
+    let try_inc_pointers t =
+      Count.try_inc_pointers t.count
+
+    let dec_pointers t =
+      if Count.dec_pointers t.count then remove t
+
+    let cancel_cell t =
+      if Count.incr_cancelled t.count then remove t
+
+    let rec find start id =
+      if start.id >= id && not (removed start) then start
+      else find (next start) id
+
+    let make_init () =
+      {
+        id = Int63.zero;
+        count = Count.create ~pointers:2;
+        cells = Array.init cells_per_segment (fun (_ : int) -> Atomic.make Cell.init);
+        next = Atomic.make None;
+        prev = Atomic.make None;
+      }
+
+    (* Note: this assumes the system is at rest (no operations in progress). *)
+    let rec validate t ~suspend ~resume ~seen_pointers =
+      let expected_pointers =
+        (if t == suspend then 1 else 0) +
+        (if t == resume then 1 else 0)
+      in
+      Count.validate ~expected_pointers t.count;
+      let seen_pointers = seen_pointers + expected_pointers in
+      match Atomic.get t.next with
+      | None -> assert (seen_pointers = 2)
+      | Some next ->
+        begin match Atomic.get next.prev with
+          | None -> assert (resume.id >= next.id)
+          | Some t2 -> assert (resume.id < next.id && t == t2)
+        end;
+        validate next ~suspend ~resume ~seen_pointers
+
+    let validate = validate ~seen_pointers:0
+
+    let clear_prev t =
+      Atomic.set t.prev None
+  end
+
+  (* A mutable pointer into the list of cells. *)
+  module Position : sig
+    type 'a t
+
+    val of_segment : 'a Segment.t -> 'a t
+    (* [of_segment x] is a pointer to the first cell in [x]. *)
+
+    val next : clear_prev:bool -> 'a t -> 'a Segment.t * 'a Cell.t Atomic.t
+    (* [next t ~clear_prev] returns the segment and cell of [t], and atomically increments it.
+       If [t]'s segment is all cancelled and no longer exists it will skip it and retry.
+       If [clear_prev] then the previous pointer is no longer required. *)
+
+    val resume_all : 'a t -> stop:Index.t -> ('a Cell.t Atomic.t -> unit) -> unit
+    (* [resume_all t ~stop f] advances [t] to [stop], then calls [f cell] on each cell advanced over. *)
+
+    val index : _ t -> Index.t
+    (* [index t] is the index of the cell currently pointed-to by [t]. *)
+
+    val segment : 'a t -> 'a Segment.t
+    (* For debugging only. The segment containing the previously-returned cell (or the initial segment),
+       when the system is at rest. *)
+  end = struct
+    type 'a t = {
+      segment : 'a Segment.t Atomic.t;  (* Note: can lag [idx] *)
+      idx : Index.t Atomic.t;
+    }
+
+    let segment t = Atomic.get t.segment
+    let index t = Atomic.get t.idx
+
+    let of_segment segment =
+      {
+        segment = Atomic.make segment;
+        idx = Atomic.make Index.zero;
+      }
+
+    (* Set [t.segment] to [target] if [target] is ahead of us.
+       Returns [false] if [target] gets removed first. *)
+    let rec move_forward t (target : _ Segment.t) =
+      let cur = Atomic.get t.segment in
+      if Segment.id cur >= Segment.id target then true
+      else (
+        if not (Segment.try_inc_pointers target) then false     (* target already removed *)
+        else (
+          if Atomic.compare_and_set t.segment cur target then (
+            Segment.dec_pointers cur;
+            true
+          ) else (
+            (* Concurrent update of [t]. Undo ref-count changes and retry. *)
+            Segment.dec_pointers target;
+            move_forward t target
+          )
+        )
+      )
+
+    (* Update [t] to the segment [id] (or the next non-removed segment after it). *)
+    let rec find_and_move_forward t start id =
+      let target = Segment.find start id in
+      if move_forward t target then target
+      else find_and_move_forward t start id     (* Removed before we could increase the ref-count; rety *)
+
+    let rec next ~clear_prev t =
+      (* Get the segment first before the index. Even if [idx] moves forwards after this,
+         we'll still be able to reach it from [r]. *)
+      let r = Atomic.get t.segment in
+      let i = Index.next t.idx in
+      let id = Index.segment i in
+      let s = find_and_move_forward t r id in
+      if clear_prev then Segment.clear_prev s;
+      if Segment.id s = id then (
+        (s, Segment.get s (Index.offset i))
+      ) else (
+        (* The segment we wanted contains only cancelled cells.
+           Try to update the index to jump over those cells, then retry. *)
+        let s_index = Index.of_segment (Segment.id s) in
+        ignore (Atomic.compare_and_set t.idx (Index.succ i) s_index : bool);
+        next ~clear_prev t
+      )
+
+    let rec resume_all t ~stop f =
+      (* Get the segment first before the index. Even if [idx] moves forwards after this,
+         we'll still be able to reach it from [start_seg]. *)
+      let start_seg = Atomic.get t.segment in
+      let start = Atomic.get t.idx in
+      if start >= stop then ()
+      else if not (Atomic.compare_and_set t.idx start stop) then (
+        resume_all t ~stop f
+      ) else (
+        (* We are now responsible for resuming all cells from [start] to [stop]. *)
+        (* Move [t.segment] forward so we can free older segments now. *)
+        ignore (find_and_move_forward t start_seg (Index.segment (Index.pred stop)) : _ Segment.t);
+        (* Resume all cells from [i] to [stop] (reachable via [seg]): *)
+        let rec aux seg i =
+          if i < stop then (
+            let seg = Segment.find seg (Index.segment i) in
+            Segment.clear_prev seg;
+            let seg_start = Index.of_segment (Segment.id seg) in
+            if seg_start < stop then (
+              let i = max i seg_start in
+              f (Segment.get seg (Index.offset i));
+              aux seg (Index.succ i)
+            )
+          )
+        in
+        aux start_seg start
+      )
+  end
+
+  type 'a t = {
+    resume : 'a Position.t;
+    suspend : 'a Position.t;
+  }
+
+  type 'a segment = 'a Segment.t
+
+  let next_suspend t =
+    Position.next t.suspend ~clear_prev:false
+
+  let next_resume t =
+    snd @@ Position.next t.resume ~clear_prev:true
+
+  let resume_all t f =
+    Position.resume_all t.resume ~stop:(Position.index t.suspend) f
+
+  let cancel_cell = Segment.cancel_cell
+
+  let make () =
+    let init = Segment.make_init () in
+    {
+      resume = Position.of_segment init;
+      suspend = Position.of_segment init;
+    }
+
+  let validate t =
+    let suspend = Position.segment t.suspend in
+    let resume = Position.segment t.resume in
+    let start =
+      if Segment.id suspend < Segment.id resume then suspend
+      else resume
+    in
+    Segment.validate start ~suspend ~resume
+
+  let dump f t =
+    let suspend = Position.index t.suspend in
+    let resume = Position.index t.resume in
+    let start =
+      if suspend < resume then t.suspend
+      else t.resume
+    in
+    let label f i =
+      if i = suspend then Format.pp_print_string f " (suspend)";
+      if i = resume then Format.pp_print_string f " (resume)";
+    in
+    Format.fprintf f "@[<v>%a@]" (Segment.dump_list ~label) (Position.segment start)
+end

lib_eio/core/cells.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+(** A lock-free queue-like structure with suspension and cancellation.
+
+    This module provides an infinite sequence of atomic cells, which can be used for whatever you like.
+    There are two pointers into this sequence: a suspend (consumer) pointer and a resume (producer) pointer.
+    These are similar to the head and tail pointers in a traditional queue,
+    except that the consumer is also permitted to get ahead of the producer.
+
+    To use this as a plain queue, each producer calls {!Make.next_resume} to get the
+    cell at the resume (tail) pointer (and advance it atomically), then stores
+    its value in the cell. Each consumer calls {!Make.next_suspend} to get the next
+    cell at the head of the queue (and advance the suspend pointer).
+
+    The consumer/suspender is permitted to get ahead of the producer. In this
+    case, the consumer will CAS the cell from its initial state to a Request
+    state containing a callback to receive the value when it arrives. When a
+    producer later tries to CAS the cell from the initial state to holding a
+    value, it will fail and find the Request with the callback function
+    instead. It can then provide the value directly to the callback.
+
+    A suspender can be cancelled by CASing the Request to a Cancelled state.
+    It should also call {!Make.cancel_cell} (if the CAS succeeds), to allow the cell to be freed.
+    If a resumer's CAS fails because the cell is cancelled, it can retry with a fresh cell.
+
+    For efficiency, cells are grouped into segments, which are stored in a linked list.
+    Once all the cells in a segment are cancelled, the whole segment may be freed.
+
+    This is based on {{:https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.12682.pdf}A formally-verified
+    framework for fair synchronization in kotlin coroutines, Appendix C},
+    which contains more details and examples of use.
+
+    This module also adds the {!Make.resume_all} function, which is useful for broadcasting.
+*)
+
+(** The signature for user-defined cell contents. *)
+module type CELL = sig
+  type 'a t
+
+  val init : 'a t
+  (** The value to give newly-allocated cells. *)
+
+  val segment_order : int
+  (** The number of bits to use for the offset into the segment.
+
+      The number of cells per segment is [2 ** segment_order]. *)
+
+  val dump : _ t Fmt.t
+  (** Display the cell state for debugging. *)
+end
+
+module Make(Cell : CELL) : sig
+  type 'a t
+
+  type 'a segment
+
+  val make : unit -> 'a t
+  (** [make ()] is a fresh sequence of cells. *)
+
+  val next_suspend : 'a t -> 'a segment * 'a Cell.t Atomic.t
+  (** [next_suspend t] atomically returns the next suspend cell and its segment.
+
+      If multiple domains call this at the same time, they will each get a different location.
+
+      The cell might or might not have already been filled in by a resumer.
+      You need to handle both cases (typically by using {!Atomic.compare_and_set}).
+
+      The segment can be used with {!cancel_cell}.
+
+      This function is lock-free and is safe to call even from a signal handler or GC finalizer. *)
+
+  val next_resume : 'a t -> 'a Cell.t Atomic.t
+  (** [next_resume t] atomically returns the next resume cell.
+
+      If multiple domains call this at the same time, they will each get a different cell.
+
+      The cell might or might not contain a request from a suspender that got there first.
+      You need to handle both cases (typically by using {!Atomic.compare_and_set}).
+
+      Note: cancelled cells may or may not be skipped (you need to handle the case of the
+      cell you get being cancelled before you can write to it, but you also
+      can't rely on seeing every cancelled cell, as cancelled segments may be deleted).
+
+      This function is lock-free and is safe to call even from a signal handler or GC finalizer. *)
+
+  val resume_all : 'a t -> ('a Cell.t Atomic.t -> unit) -> unit
+  (** [resume_all t f] advances the resume position to the current suspend position,
+      then calls [f cell] on each cell advanced over.
+
+      Note: as with {!next_resume}, [f] may be called for some cancelled cells but not others.
+
+      [f] must not raise an exception (if it does, it will not be called on the remaining cells).
+
+      If the resume position is ahead of the suspend position, then calling this function does nothing.
+
+      This function is lock-free and is safe to call even from a signal handler or GC finalizer. *)
+
+  val cancel_cell : 'a segment -> unit
+  (** [cancel_cell segment] increments the segment's count of the number of cancelled cells.
+
+      Once all cells are cancelled it may be possible to discard the whole segment.
+      This avoids leaking memory if a user keeps suspending and then cancelling.
+
+      You must not call this more than once per cell.
+
+      This function is lock-free and is safe to call even from a signal handler or GC finalizer. *)
+
+  val validate : _ t -> unit
+  (** [validate t] checks that [t] is in a valid state, assuming there are no operations currently in progress. *)
+
+  val dump : _ t Fmt.t
+  (** [dump] outputs the internal state of a [_ t], for debugging. *)
+end

lib_eio/core/debug.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+type traceln = {
+  traceln : 'a. ?__POS__:string * int * int * int -> ('a, Format.formatter, unit, unit) format4 -> 'a;
+} [@@unboxed]
+
+let traceln_key : traceln Fiber.key = Fiber.create_key ()
+
+let traceln_mutex = Mutex.create ()
+
+let default_traceln ?__POS__:pos fmt =
+  let k go =
+    Trace.with_span "traceln" @@ fun () ->
+    let b = Buffer.create 512 in
+    let f = Format.formatter_of_buffer b in
+    go f;
+    Option.iter (fun (file, lnum, _, _) -> Format.fprintf f " [%s:%d]" file lnum) pos;
+    Format.pp_close_box f ();
+    Format.pp_print_flush f ();
+    let msg = Buffer.contents b in
+    Trace.log msg;
+    let lines = String.split_on_char '\n' msg in
+    Mutex.lock traceln_mutex;
+    Fun.protect ~finally:(fun () -> Mutex.unlock traceln_mutex) @@ fun () ->
+    List.iter (Printf.eprintf "+%s\n") lines;
+    flush stderr
+  in
+  Format.kdprintf k ("@[" ^^ fmt)
+
+let get () =
+  match Fiber.get traceln_key with
+  | Some traceln -> traceln
+  | None
+  | exception (Effect.Unhandled _) -> { traceln = default_traceln }
+
+let with_trace_prefix prefix fn =
+  let { traceln } = get () in
+  let traceln ?__POS__ fmt =
+    traceln ?__POS__ ("%t" ^^ fmt) prefix
+  in
+  Fiber.with_binding traceln_key { traceln } fn
+
+let traceln ?__POS__ fmt =
+  let { traceln } = get () in
+  traceln ?__POS__ fmt
+
+type t = <
+  traceln : traceln Fiber.key;
+>
+
+let v = object
+  method traceln = traceln_key
+end

lib_eio/core/dune

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+(library
+  (name eio__core)
+  (public_name eio.core)
+  (libraries hmap lwt-dllist fmt optint eio.runtime_events))

lib_eio/core/eio__core.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module Promise = Promise
+module Fiber = Fiber
+module Switch = Switch
+module Cancel = Cancel
+module Exn = Exn
+module Private = struct
+  module Suspend = Suspend
+  module Cells = Cells
+  module Broadcast = Broadcast
+  module Single_waiter = Single_waiter
+  module Trace = Trace
+  module Fiber_context = Cancel.Fiber_context
+  module Debug = Debug
+
+  module Effects = struct
+    type 'a enqueue = 'a Suspend.enqueue
+    type _ Effect.t +=
+      | Suspend = Suspend.Suspend
+      | Fork = Fiber.Fork
+      | Get_context = Cancel.Get_context
+  end
+end

lib_eio/core/eio__core.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,785 @@
+(** Private internal module. Use {!Eio} instead. *)
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Switch *)
+module Switch : sig
+  (** Many resources in Eio (such as fibers and file handles) require a switch to
+      be provided when they are created. The resource cannot outlive its switch.
+
+      If a function wants to create such resources, and was not passed a switch
+      as an argument, it will need to create a switch using {!run}.
+      This doesn't return until all resources attached to it have been freed,
+      preventing the function from leaking resources.
+
+      Any function creating resources that outlive it needs to be given a
+      switch by its caller.
+
+      Each switch includes its own {!Cancel.t} context.
+      Calling {!fail} cancels all fibers attached to the switch and, once they
+      have exited, reports the error.
+
+      Note: this concept is known as a "nursery" or "bundle" in some other systems.
+
+      Example:
+      {[
+         Switch.run (fun sw ->
+            let flow = Dir.open_in ~sw dir "myfile.txt" in
+            ...
+         );
+         (* [flow] will have been closed by this point *)
+      ]}
+  *)
+
+  type t
+  (** A switch contains a group of fibers and other resources (such as open file handles). *)
+
+  (** {2 Switch creation} *)
+
+  val run : ?name:string -> (t -> 'a) -> 'a
+  (** [run fn] runs [fn] with a fresh switch (initially on).
+
+      When [fn] finishes, [run] waits for all fibers registered with the switch to finish,
+      and then releases all attached resources.
+
+      If {!fail} is called, [run] will re-raise the exception (after everything is cleaned up).
+      If [fn] raises an exception, it is passed to {!fail}.
+
+      @param name Used to name the switch when tracing. *)
+
+  val run_protected : ?name:string -> (t -> 'a) -> 'a
+  (** [run_protected fn] is like [run] but ignores cancellation requests from the parent context. *)
+
+  (** {2 Cancellation and failure} *)
+
+  val check : t -> unit
+  (** [check t] checks that [t] is still on.
+      @raise Cancel.Cancelled If the switch has been cancelled. *)
+
+  val get_error : t -> exn option
+  (** [get_error t] is like [check t] except that it returns the exception instead of raising it.
+      If [t] is finished, this returns (rather than raising) the [Invalid_argument] exception too. *)
+
+  val fail : ?bt:Printexc.raw_backtrace -> t -> exn -> unit
+  (** [fail t ex] adds [ex] to [t]'s set of failures and
+      ensures that the switch's cancellation context is cancelled,
+      to encourage all fibers to exit as soon as possible.
+
+      [fail] returns immediately, without waiting for the shutdown actions to complete.
+      The exception will be raised later by {!run}, and [run]'s caller is responsible for handling it.
+      {!Exn.combine} is used to avoid duplicate or unnecessary exceptions.
+      @param bt A backtrace to attach to [ex] *)
+
+  (** {2 Cleaning up resources}
+
+      It is possible to attach clean-up hooks to a switch.
+      Once all fibers within the switch have finished, these hooks are called.
+      For example, when a file is opened it will register a release hook to close it.
+
+      Functions that create such resources will take a switch argument
+      and call these functions for you.
+      You usually don't need to call these directly. *)
+
+  val on_release : t -> (unit -> unit) -> unit
+  (** [on_release t fn] registers [fn] to be called once [t]'s main function has returned
+      and all fibers have finished.
+
+      If [fn] raises an exception, it is passed to {!fail}.
+
+      Release handlers are run in LIFO order, in series.
+
+      Note that [fn] is called within a {!Cancel.protect}, since aborting clean-up actions is usually a bad idea
+      and the switch may have been cancelled by the time it runs.
+      You cannot attach new resources to a switch once the cancel hooks start to run.
+
+      This function is thread-safe (but not signal-safe).
+      If the switch finishes before [fn] can be registered,
+      it raises [Invalid_argument] and runs [fn] immediately instead. *)
+
+  type hook
+  (** A handle for removing a clean-up callback. *)
+
+  val null_hook : hook
+  (** A dummy hook. [try_remove_hook null_hook = false]. *)
+
+  val on_release_cancellable : t -> (unit -> unit) -> hook
+  (** Like [on_release], but the handler can be removed later.
+
+      For example, opening a file will call [on_release_cancellable] to ensure the file is closed later.
+      However, if the file is manually closed before that, it will use {!remove_hook} to remove the hook,
+      which is no longer needed.
+
+      This function is thread-safe (but not signal-safe). *)
+
+  val try_remove_hook : hook -> bool
+  (** [try_remove_hook h] removes a previously-added hook.
+      Returns [true] if the hook was successfully removed, or [false] if another
+      domain ran it or removed it first.
+
+      This function is thread-safe (but not signal-safe). *)
+
+  val remove_hook : hook -> unit
+  (** [remove_hook h] is [ignore (try_remove_hook h)].
+
+      For multi-domain code, consider using {!try_remove_hook} instead
+      so that you can handle the case of trying to close a resource
+      just as another domain is closing it or finishing the switch. *)
+
+  (** {2 Debugging} *)
+
+  val dump : t Fmt.t
+  (** Dump out details of the switch's state for debugging. *)
+end
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Promise *)
+module Promise : sig
+  (** Unlike lazy values, you cannot "force" promises;
+      a promise is resolved when the maker of the promise is ready.
+
+      Promises are thread-safe and so can be shared between domains and used
+      to communicate between them.
+
+      Example:
+      {[
+        let promise, resolver = Promise.create () in
+        Fiber.both
+          (fun () -> traceln "Got %d" (Promise.await promise))
+          (fun () -> Promise.resolve resolver 42)
+      ]} *)
+
+  type +!'a t
+  (** An ['a t] is a promise for a value of type ['a]. *)
+
+  type -!'a u
+  (** An ['a u] is a resolver for a promise of type ['a]. *)
+
+  val create : ?label:string -> unit -> 'a t * 'a u
+  (** [create ()] is a fresh promise/resolver pair.
+      The promise is initially unresolved. *)
+
+  val create_resolved : 'a -> 'a t
+  (** [create_resolved x] is a promise that is already resolved with result [x]. *)
+
+  val await : 'a t -> 'a
+  (** [await t] blocks until [t] is resolved.
+      If [t] is already resolved then this returns immediately. *)
+
+  val resolve : 'a u -> 'a -> unit
+  (** [resolve u v] resolves [u]'s promise with the value [v].
+      Any threads waiting for the result will be added to the run queue.
+      @raise Invalid_argument if [u] is already resolved. *)
+
+  val try_resolve : 'a u -> 'a -> bool
+  (** [try_resolve] is like {!resolve} but returns [false] instead of raising [Invalid_argument].
+
+      Returns [true] on success. *)
+
+  val peek : 'a t -> 'a option
+  (** [peek t] is [Some v] if the promise has been resolved to [v], or [None] otherwise.
+      If the result is [None] then it may change in future, otherwise it won't.
+      If another domain has access to the resolver then the state may have already
+      changed by the time this call returns. *)
+
+  val is_resolved : 'a t -> bool
+  (** [is_resolved t] is [Option.is_some (peek t)]. *)
+
+  (** {1 Result promises} *)
+
+  type 'a or_exn = ('a, exn) result t
+
+  val resolve_ok : ('a, 'b) result u -> 'a -> unit
+  (** [resolve_ok u x] is [resolve u (Ok x)]. *)
+
+  val resolve_error : ('a, 'b) result u -> 'b -> unit
+  (** [resolve_error u x] is [resolve u (Error x)]. *)
+
+  val await_exn : 'a or_exn -> 'a
+  (** [await_exn t] is like [await t], but if the result is [Error ex] then it raises [ex]. *)
+end
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Fiber *)
+module Fiber : sig
+  (** Within a domain, only one fiber can be running at a time.
+      A fiber runs until it performs an IO operation (directly or indirectly).
+      At that point, it may be suspended and the next fiber on the run queue runs. *)
+
+  val both : (unit -> unit) -> (unit -> unit) -> unit
+  (** [both f g] runs [f ()] and [g ()] concurrently.
+
+      They run in a new cancellation sub-context, and
+      if either raises an exception, the other is cancelled.
+      [both] waits for both functions to finish even if one raises
+      (it will then re-raise the original exception).
+
+      [f] runs immediately, without switching to any other thread.
+      [g] is inserted at the head of the run-queue, so it runs next even if other threads are already enqueued.
+      You can get other scheduling orders by adding calls to {!yield} in various places.
+      e.g. to append both fibers to the end of the run-queue, yield immediately before calling [both].
+
+      If both fibers fail, {!Exn.combine} is used to combine the exceptions. *)
+
+  val pair : (unit -> 'a) -> (unit -> 'b) -> 'a * 'b
+  (** [pair f g] is like [both], but returns the two results. *)
+
+  val all : (unit -> unit) list -> unit
+  (** [all fs] is like [both], but for any number of fibers.
+      [all []] returns immediately. *)
+
+  val first : ?combine:('a -> 'a -> 'a) -> (unit -> 'a) -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a
+  (** [first f g] runs [f ()] and [g ()] concurrently.
+
+      They run in a new cancellation sub-context, and when one finishes the other is cancelled.
+      If one raises, the other is cancelled and the exception is reported.
+
+      As with [both], [f] runs immediately and [g] is scheduled next, ahead of any other queued work.
+
+      If both fibers fail, {!Exn.combine} is used to combine the exceptions.
+
+      Warning: it is always possible that {i both} operations will succeed.
+      This is because there is a period of time after the first operation succeeds
+      when it is waiting in the run-queue to resume
+      during which the other operation may also succeed.
+
+      If both fibers succeed, [combine a b] is used to combine the results
+      (where [a] is the result of the first fiber to return and [b] is the second result).
+      The default is [fun a _ -> a], which discards the later result. *)
+
+  val any : ?combine:('a -> 'a -> 'a) -> (unit -> 'a) list -> 'a
+  (** [any fs] is like [first], but for any number of fibers.
+
+      [any []] just waits forever (or until cancelled). *)
+
+  val n_any : (unit -> 'a) list -> 'a list
+  (** [n_any fs] is like [any], expect that if multiple fibers return values
+      then they are all returned, in the order in which the fibers finished. *)
+
+  val await_cancel : unit -> 'a
+  (** [await_cancel ()] waits until cancelled.
+      @raise Cancel.Cancelled *)
+
+  val fork : sw:Switch.t -> (unit -> unit) -> unit
+  (** [fork ~sw fn] runs [fn ()] in a new fiber, but does not wait for it to complete.
+
+      The new fiber is attached to [sw] (which can't finish until the fiber ends).
+
+      The new fiber inherits [sw]'s cancellation context.
+      If the fiber raises an exception, [Switch.fail sw] is called.
+      If [sw] is already off then [fn] fails immediately, but the calling thread continues.
+
+      [fn] runs immediately, without switching to any other fiber first.
+      The calling fiber is placed at the head of the run queue, ahead of any previous items. *)
+
+  val fork_promise : sw:Switch.t -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a Promise.or_exn
+  (** [fork_promise ~sw fn] schedules [fn ()] to run in a new fiber and returns a promise for its result.
+
+      This is just a convenience wrapper around {!fork}.
+      If [fn] raises an exception then the promise is resolved to the error, but [sw] is not failed. *)
+
+  val fork_seq : sw:Switch.t -> (('a -> unit) -> unit) -> 'a Seq.t
+  (** [fork_seq ~sw fn] creates (but does not start) a new fiber to run [fn yield].
+
+      Requesting the next item from the returned sequence resumes the fiber until it
+      calls [yield x], using [x] value as the next item in the sequence. If [fn]
+      returns without producing a value then the result is {!Seq.Nil} (end-of-sequence).
+
+      The returned sequence can be consumed safely from another domain.
+      [fn] itself always runs in the domain that called [fork_seq].
+
+      Example:
+      {[
+        Switch.run @@ fun sw ->
+        let seq = Fiber.fork_seq ~sw (fun yield ->
+            for i = 1 to 3 do
+              traceln "Yielding %d" i;
+              yield i
+            done
+          ) in
+        Seq.iter (traceln "Got: %d") seq
+      ]}
+
+      If [fn] raises an exception then the consumer receives it.
+      If the consumer cancels while awaiting a value, the producer is cancelled when
+      it next calls [yield].
+      It is an error to request two items at once, or to request items out of sequence.
+
+      @param sw When the switch finishes, the fiber is cancelled (if still running).
+                Attempting to read from the sequence after this raises an exception. *)
+
+  val fork_daemon : sw:Switch.t -> (unit -> [`Stop_daemon]) -> unit
+  (** [fork_daemon] is like {!fork} except that instead of waiting for the fiber to finish,
+      the switch will cancel it once all non-daemon fibers are done.
+
+      The switch will still wait for the daemon fiber to finish cancelling.
+
+      The return type of [[`Stop_daemon]] instead of [unit] is just to catch mistakes,
+      as daemons normally aren't expected to return. *)
+
+  val check : unit -> unit
+  (** [check ()] checks that the fiber's context hasn't been cancelled.
+      Many operations automatically check this before starting.
+      @raise Cancel.Cancelled if the fiber's context has been cancelled. *)
+
+  val is_cancelled : unit -> bool
+  (** [is_cancelled ()] is [true] iff {!check} would raise an exception. *)
+
+  val yield : unit -> unit
+  (** [yield ()] asks the scheduler to switch to the next runnable task.
+      The current task remains runnable, but goes to the back of the queue.
+      Automatically calls {!check} just before resuming. *)
+
+  (** Concurrent list operations. *)
+  module List : sig
+    (** These functions behave like the ones in the standard library's [List]
+        module, except that multiple items can be processed concurrently.
+
+        They correspond to Lwt's [Lwt_list.*_p] operations. e.g.
+        [Lwt_list.iter_p] becomes [Fiber.List.iter].
+        For the [Lwt_list.*_s] operations, just use the standard library function.
+        e.g. [Lwt_list.iter_s] can be replaced by a plain [List.iter]. *)
+
+    val filter : ?max_fibers:int -> ('a -> bool) -> 'a list -> 'a list
+    (** [filter f x] is like [List.filter f x] except that the invocations of [f] are
+        run concurrently in separate fibers.
+        @param max_fibers Maximum number of fibers to run concurrently *)
+
+    val map : ?max_fibers:int -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> 'b list
+    (** [map f x] is like [List.map f x] except that the invocations of [f] are
+        run concurrently in separate fibers.
+        @param max_fibers Maximum number of fibers to run concurrently *)
+
+    val filter_map : ?max_fibers:int -> ('a -> 'b option) -> 'a list -> 'b list
+    (** [filter_map f x] is like [List.filter_map f x] except that the
+        invocations of [f] are run concurrently in separate fibers.
+        @param max_fibers Maximum number of fibers to run concurrently *)
+
+    val iter : ?max_fibers:int -> ('a -> unit) -> 'a list -> unit
+    (** [iter f x] is like [List.iter f x] except that the invocations of [f] are
+        run concurrently in separate fibers.
+        @param max_fibers Maximum number of fibers to run concurrently *)
+  end
+
+  (** {2 Fiber-local variables}
+
+      Each fiber maintains a map of additional variables associated with it,
+      which can be used to store fiber-related state or context. This map is
+      propagated to any forked fibers.
+
+      While fiber-local variables can be useful, they can also make code much
+      harder to reason about, as they effectively act as another form of global
+      state. When possible, prefer passing arguments around explicitly.
+
+      Fiber-local variables are particularly useful for attaching extra
+      information for debugging, such as a request ID that the log system can
+      include in all logged messages.
+      *)
+
+  type 'a key
+  (** ['a key] is a fiber-local variable of type ['a].
+
+      Since the key is required to get or set a variable, a library can keep its
+      key private to control how the variable can be accessed. *)
+
+  val create_key : unit -> 'a key
+  (** [create_key ()] creates a new fiber-local variable. *)
+
+  val get : 'a key -> 'a option
+  (** [get key] reads [key] from the map of fiber local variables, returning its
+      value or {!None} if it has not been bound. *)
+
+  val with_binding : 'a key -> 'a -> (unit -> 'b) -> 'b
+  (** [with_binding key value fn] runs [fn] with [key] bound to the provided
+      [value].
+
+      Whilst this binding only exists for the duration of this function {i on
+      this fiber}, it will be propagated to any forked fibers. If [fn] creates
+      fibers using an external switch, the bound value may be continue to be
+      used after this function returns. *)
+
+  val without_binding : 'a key -> (unit -> 'b) -> 'b
+  (** [with_binding key value fn] runs [fn] with any binding for [key] removed.
+      *)
+end
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Exn *)
+module Exn : sig
+  type with_bt = exn * Printexc.raw_backtrace
+
+  type err = ..
+  (** Describes the particular error that occurred.
+
+      They are typically nested (e.g. [Fs (Permission_denied (Unix_error ...))])
+      so that you can match e.g. all IO errors, all file-system errors, all
+      permission denied errors, etc.
+
+      If you extend this, use {!register_pp} to add a printer for the new error. *)
+
+  type context
+  (** Extra information attached to an IO error.
+      This provides contextual information about what caused the error. *)
+
+  exception Io of err * context
+  (** A general purpose IO exception.
+
+      This is used for most errors interacting with the outside world,
+      and is similar to {!Unix.Unix_error}, but more general.
+      An unknown [Io] error should typically be reported to the user, but does
+      not generally indicate a bug in the program. *)
+
+  type err += Multiple_io of (err * context * Printexc.raw_backtrace) list
+  (** Error code used when multiple IO errors occur.
+
+      This is useful if you want to catch and report all IO errors. *)
+
+  val create : err -> exn
+  (** [create err] is an {!Io} exception with an empty context. *)
+
+  val add_context : exn -> ('a, Format.formatter, unit, exn) format4 -> 'a
+  (** [add_context ex msg] returns a new exception with [msg] added to [ex]'s context,
+      if [ex] is an {!Io} exception.
+
+      If [ex] is not an [Io] exception, this function just returns the original exception. *)
+
+  val reraise_with_context : exn -> Printexc.raw_backtrace -> ('a, Format.formatter, unit, 'b) format4 -> 'a
+  (** [reraise_with_context ex bt msg] raises [ex] extended with additional information [msg].
+
+      [ex] should be an {!Io} exception (if not, is re-raised unmodified).
+
+      Example:
+      {[
+         try connect addr
+         with Eio.Io _ as ex ->
+           let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+           reraise_with_context ex bt "connecting to %S" addr
+      ]}
+
+      You must get the backtrace before calling any other function
+      in the exception handler to prevent corruption of the backtrace. *)
+
+  val register_pp : (Format.formatter -> err -> bool) -> unit
+  (** [register_pp pp] adds [pp] as a pretty-printer of errors.
+
+      [pp f err] should format [err] using [f], if possible.
+      It should return [true] on success, or [false] if it didn't
+      recognise [err]. *)
+
+  val pp : exn Fmt.t
+  (** [pp] is a formatter for exceptions.
+
+      This is similar to {!Fmt.exn}, but can do a better job on {!Io} exceptions
+      because it can format them directly without having to convert to a string first. *)
+
+  val pp_err : err Fmt.t
+  (** [pp_err] formats an error code. *)
+
+  val empty_backtrace : Printexc.raw_backtrace
+  (** A backtrace with no frames. *)
+
+  (** Extensible backend-specific exceptions. *)
+  module Backend : sig
+    type t = ..
+
+    val show : bool ref
+    (** Controls the behaviour of {!pp}. *)
+
+    val register_pp : (Format.formatter -> t -> bool) -> unit
+    (** [register_pp pp] adds [pp] as a pretty-printer of backend errors.
+
+        [pp f err] should format [err] using [f], if possible.
+        It should return [true] on success, or [false] if it didn't
+        recognise [err]. *)
+
+    val pp : t Fmt.t
+    (** [pp] behaves like {!pp} except that if display of backend errors has been turned off
+        (with {!show}) then it just prints a place-holder.
+
+        This is useful for formatting the backend-specific part of exceptions,
+        which should be hidden in expect-style testing that needs to work on multiple backends. *)
+  end
+
+  type err += X of Backend.t
+  (** A top-level code for backend errors that don't yet have a cross-platform classification in Eio.
+
+      You should avoid matching on these (in portable code). Instead, request a proper Eio code for them. *)
+
+  exception Multiple of with_bt list
+  (** Raised if multiple fibers fail, to report all the exceptions.
+
+      This usually indicates a bug in the program.
+
+      Note: If multiple {b IO} errors occur, then you will get [Io (Multiple_io _, _)] instead of this. *)
+
+  val combine : with_bt -> with_bt -> with_bt
+  (** [combine x y] returns a single exception and backtrace to use to represent two errors.
+
+      The resulting exception is typically just [Multiple [y; x]],
+      but various heuristics are used to simplify the result:
+      - Combining with a {!Cancel.Cancelled} exception does nothing, as these don't need to be reported.
+        The result is only [Cancelled] if there is no other exception available.
+      - If both errors are [Io] errors, then the result is [Io (Multiple_io _)]. *)
+end
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Cancel *)
+module Cancel : sig
+  (** This is the low-level interface to cancellation.
+      Every {!Switch} includes a cancellation context and most users will just use that API instead.
+
+      Each domain has a tree of cancellation contexts, and every fiber is registered with one context.
+      A fiber can switch to a different context (e.g. by calling {!sub}).
+      When a context is cancelled, all registered fibers have their current cancellation function (if any)
+      called and removed. Child contexts are cancelled too, recursively, unless marked as protected.
+
+      Many operations also check that the current context hasn't been cancelled,
+      so if a fiber is performing a non-cancellable operation it will still get cancelled soon afterwards.
+      This check is typically done when starting an operation, not at the end.
+      If an operation is cancelled after succeeding, but while still waiting on the run queue,
+      it will still return the operation's result.
+      A notable exception is {!Fiber.yield}, which checks at the end.
+      You can also use {!Fiber.check} to check manually.
+
+      Whether a fiber is cancelled through a cancellation function or by checking its context,
+      it will receive a {!Cancelled} exception.
+      It is possible the exception will get lost (if something catches it and forgets to re-raise).
+      It is also possible to get this exception even when not cancelled, for example by awaiting
+      a promise which another fiber has resolved to a cancelled exception.
+      When in doubt, use [Fiber.check ()] to find out if your fiber is really cancelled.
+      Ideally this should be done any time you have caught an exception and are planning to ignore it,
+      although if you forget then the next IO operation will typically abort anyway.
+
+      When handling a [Cancelled] exception, quick clean-up actions
+      (such as releasing a mutex or deleting a temporary file) are OK,
+      but operations that may block should be avoided.
+      For example, a network connection should simply be closed,
+      without attempting to send a goodbye message.
+
+      The purpose of the cancellation system is to stop fibers quickly, not to report errors.
+      Use {!Switch.fail} instead to record an error. *)
+
+  type t
+  (** A cancellation context. *)
+
+  exception Cancelled of exn
+  (** [Cancelled ex] indicates that the context was cancelled with exception [ex].
+      It is usually not necessary to report a [Cancelled] exception to the user,
+      as the original problem will be handled elsewhere.
+
+      The nested exception is only intended for debug-level logging and should generally be ignored. *)
+
+  val sub : (t -> 'a) -> 'a
+  (** [sub fn] installs a new cancellation context [t], runs [fn t] inside it, and then restores the old context.
+
+      If the old context is cancelled while [fn] is running then [t] is cancelled too.
+      [t] cannot be used after [sub] returns. *)
+
+  val protect : (unit -> 'a) -> 'a
+  (** [protect fn] runs [fn] in a new cancellation context that isn't cancelled when its parent is.
+
+      This can be used to clean up resources on cancellation.
+      However, it is usually better to use {!Switch.on_release} (which calls this for you).
+
+      Note that [protect] does not check its parent context when it finishes. *)
+
+  val check : t -> unit
+  (** [check t] checks that [t] hasn't been cancelled.
+      @raise Cancelled If the context has been cancelled. *)
+
+  val get_error : t -> exn option
+  (** [get_error t] is like [check t] except that it returns the exception instead of raising it.
+
+      If [t] is finished, this returns (rather than raising) the [Invalid_argument] exception too. *)
+
+  val cancel : t -> exn -> unit
+  (** [cancel t ex] marks [t] and its child contexts as cancelled, recursively,
+      and calls all registered fibers' cancellation functions, passing [Cancelled ex] as the argument.
+
+      All cancellation functions are run, even if some of them raise exceptions.
+
+      If [t] is already cancelled then this does nothing.
+
+      Note that the caller of this function is still responsible for handling the error somehow
+      (e.g. reporting it to the user); it does not become the responsibility of the cancelled thread(s). *)
+
+  val dump : t Fmt.t
+  (** Show the cancellation sub-tree rooted at [t], for debugging. *)
+end
+
+(** @canonical Eio.Private *)
+module Private : sig
+  module Trace = Trace
+
+  module Cells = Cells
+  module Broadcast = Broadcast
+  module Single_waiter = Single_waiter
+
+  (** Every fiber has an associated context. *)
+  module Fiber_context : sig
+    type t
+
+    val make_root : unit -> t
+    (** Make a new root context for a new domain. *)
+
+    val destroy : t -> unit
+    (** [destroy t] removes [t] from its cancellation context. *)
+
+    val tid : t -> Trace.id
+
+    (** {2 Cancellation}
+
+        The {!Cancel} module describes the user's view of cancellation.
+
+        Internally, when the user calls a primitive operation that needs to block the fiber,
+        the [Suspend callback] effect is performed.
+        This suspends the fiber and calls [callback] from the scheduler's context,
+        passing it the suspended fiber's context.
+        If the operation can be cancelled,
+        the callback should use {!set_cancel_fn} to register a cancellation function.
+
+        There are two possible outcomes for the operation: it may complete normally,
+        or it may be cancelled.
+        If it is cancelled then the registered cancellation function is called.
+        This function will always be called from the fiber's own domain, but care must be taken
+        if the operation could be completed by another domain at the same time.
+
+        Consider the case of {!Stream.take}, which can be fulfilled by a {!Stream.add} from another domain.
+        We want to ensure that either the item is removed from the stream and returned to the waiting fiber,
+        or that the operation is cancelled and the item is not removed from the stream.
+
+        Therefore, cancelling and completing both need to update an atomic value (with {!Atomic.compare_and_set})
+        so that only one can succeed. The case where [Stream.take] succeeds before cancellation:
+
+        + A fiber calls [Suspend] and is suspended.
+          The callback sets a cancel function and registers a waiter on the stream.
+        + When another domain has an item, it marks the atomic as finished (making the [take] uncancellable)
+          and begins resuming the fiber with the new item.
+        + If the taking fiber is cancelled after this, the cancellation must be ignored and the operation
+          will complete successfully. Future operations will fail immediately, however.
+
+        The case of cancellation winning the race:
+
+        + A fiber calls [Suspend] and is suspended.
+          The callback sets a cancel function and registers a waiter on the stream.
+        + The taking fiber is cancelled. Its cancellation function is called,
+          which updates the atomic and starts removing the waiter.
+        + If another domain tries to provide an item to the waiter as this is happening,
+          it will try to update the atomic too and fail.
+          The item will be given to the next waiter instead.
+
+        Note: A fiber will only have a cancel function set while it is suspended. *)
+
+    val cancellation_context : t -> Cancel.t
+    (** [cancellation_context t] is [t]'s current cancellation context. *)
+
+    val set_cancel_fn : t -> (exn -> unit) -> unit
+    (** [set_cancel_fn t fn] sets [fn] as the fiber's cancel function.
+
+        If [t]'s cancellation context is cancelled, the function is called.
+        It should attempt to make the current operation finish quickly, either with
+        a successful result or by raising the given exception.
+
+        Just before being called, the fiber's cancel function is replaced with [ignore]
+        so that [fn] cannot be called twice.
+
+        On success, the cancel function is cleared automatically when {!Suspend.enter} returns,
+        but for single-domain operations you may like to call {!clear_cancel_fn}
+        manually to remove it earlier.
+
+        [fn] will be called from [t]'s domain (from the fiber that called [cancel]).
+
+        [fn] must not switch fibers. If it did, this could happen:
+
+        + Another suspended fiber in the same cancellation context resumes before
+          its cancel function is called.
+        + It enters a protected block and starts a new operation.
+        + [fn] returns.
+        + We cancel the protected operation. *)
+
+    val clear_cancel_fn : t -> unit
+    (** [clear_cancel_fn t] is [set_cancel_fn t ignore].
+
+        This must only be called from the fiber's own domain.
+
+        For single-domain operations, it can be useful to call this manually as soon as
+        the operation succeeds (i.e. when the fiber is added to the run-queue)
+        to prevent the cancel function from being called.
+
+        For operations where another domain may resume the fiber, your cancel function
+        will need to cope with being called after the operation has succeeded. In that
+        case you should not call [clear_cancel_fn]. The backend will do it automatically
+        just before resuming your fiber. *)
+
+    val get_error : t -> exn option
+    (** [get_error t] is [Cancel.get_error (cancellation_context t)] *)
+  end
+
+  module Effects : sig
+    type 'a enqueue = ('a, exn) result -> unit
+    (** A function provided by the scheduler to reschedule a previously-suspended thread. *)
+
+    type _ Effect.t +=
+      | Suspend : (Fiber_context.t -> 'a enqueue -> unit) -> 'a Effect.t
+      (** [Suspend fn] is performed when a fiber must be suspended
+          (e.g. because it called {!Promise.await} on an unresolved promise).
+          The effect handler runs [fn fiber enqueue] in the scheduler context,
+          passing it the suspended fiber's context and a function to resume it.
+          [fn] should arrange for [enqueue] to be called once the thread is ready to run again. *)
+
+      | Fork : Fiber_context.t * (unit -> unit) -> unit Effect.t
+      (** [perform (Fork new_context f)] creates a new fiber and runs [f] in it, with context [new_context].
+          [f] must not raise an exception. See {!Fiber.fork}. *)
+
+      | Get_context : Fiber_context.t Effect.t
+      (** [perform Get_context] immediately returns the current fiber's context (without switching fibers). *)
+  end
+
+  (** Suspend a fiber and enter the scheduler. *)
+  module Suspend : sig
+    val enter : string -> (Fiber_context.t -> 'a Effects.enqueue -> unit) -> 'a
+    (** [enter op fn] suspends the calling fiber and calls [fn ctx enqueue] in the scheduler's context.
+
+        This should arrange for [enqueue] to be called when the fiber should be resumed.
+        [enqueue] is thread-safe and so can be called from another domain or systhread.
+
+        [ctx] should be used to set a cancellation function. Otherwise, the operation is non-interruptable.
+        If the caller's cancellation context is already cancelled, [enter] immediately aborts.
+
+        [op] is used when tracing to label the operation. *)
+
+    val enter_unchecked : string -> (Fiber_context.t -> 'a Effects.enqueue -> unit) -> 'a
+    (** [enter_unchecked] is like [enter] except that it does not perform the initial check
+        that the fiber isn't cancelled (this is useful if you want to do the check yourself, e.g.
+        because you need to unlock a mutex if cancelled). *)
+  end
+
+  module Debug : sig
+    val traceln :
+      ?__POS__:string * int * int * int ->
+      ('a, Format.formatter, unit, unit) format4 -> 'a
+    (** Writes trace logging using the current fiber's configured traceln function. *)
+
+    val with_trace_prefix : (Format.formatter -> unit) -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a
+    (** [with_trace_prefix fmt fn] runs [fn ()] with a traceln that outputs [fmt] before each message. *)
+
+    val traceln_mutex : Stdlib.Mutex.t
+    (** The mutex used to prevent two domains writing to stderr at once.
+
+        This might be useful if you want to write to it directly yourself,
+        e.g. for a log reporter. *)
+
+    val default_traceln :
+      ?__POS__:string * int * int * int ->
+      ('a, Format.formatter, unit, unit) format4 -> 'a
+      (** [default_traceln] is a suitable default implementation for {!Eio.Std.traceln}.
+
+          It writes output to stderr, prefixing each line with a "+".
+          If [__POS__] is given, it also displays the file and line number from that.
+          It uses {!traceln_mutex} so that only one domain's output is written at a time. *)
+
+    type traceln = {
+      traceln : 'a. ?__POS__:string * int * int * int -> ('a, Format.formatter, unit, unit) format4 -> 'a;
+    } [@@unboxed]
+
+    type t = <
+      traceln : traceln Fiber.key;
+    >
+
+    val v : t
+    (** Backends should use this for {!Eio.Stdenv.debug}. *)
+  end
+end

lib_eio/core/exn.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+let show_backend_exceptions = ref true
+
+type with_bt = exn * Printexc.raw_backtrace
+
+type err = ..
+
+type context = {
+  steps : string list;
+}
+
+exception Io of err * context
+
+exception Multiple of (exn * Printexc.raw_backtrace) list  (* Note: the last exception in list is the first one reported *)
+
+type err += Multiple_io of (err * context * Printexc.raw_backtrace) list
+
+exception Cancelled of exn
+
+let create err = Io (err, { steps = [] })
+
+let empty_backtrace = Printexc.get_callstack 0
+
+let add_context ex fmt =
+  fmt |> Fmt.kstr @@ fun msg ->
+  match ex with
+  | Io (code, t) -> Io (code, {steps = msg :: t.steps})
+  | ex -> ex
+
+let reraise_with_context ex bt fmt =
+  fmt |> Fmt.kstr @@ fun msg ->
+  match ex with
+  | Io (code, t) ->
+    let context = { steps = msg :: t.steps } in
+    Printexc.raise_with_backtrace (Io (code, context)) bt
+  | _ ->
+    Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+
+let err_printers : (Format.formatter -> err -> bool) list ref = ref []
+
+let register_pp fn =
+  err_printers := fn :: !err_printers
+
+let break f _ = Format.pp_print_custom_break f
+    ~fits:(",", 1, "")
+    ~breaks:(",", 2, "")
+
+let pp_err f x =
+  let rec aux = function
+    | [] -> Fmt.string f "?"
+    | pp :: pps -> if not (pp f x) then aux pps
+  in
+  aux !err_printers
+
+let pp_with_context f (code, context) =
+  Fmt.pf f "%a%a" pp_err code
+    Fmt.(list ~sep:nop (break ++ string)) (List.rev context.steps)
+
+let pp_with_bt f (code, context, bt) =
+  match String.trim (Printexc.raw_backtrace_to_string bt) with
+  | "" ->
+    Fmt.pf f "- @[<hov>%a@]"
+      pp_with_context (code, context)
+  | bt ->
+    Fmt.pf f "- @[<v>%a@,%a@]"
+      pp_with_context (code, context)
+      Fmt.lines bt
+
+let pp f = function
+  | Io (code, t) ->
+    Fmt.pf f "Eio.Io %a%a"
+      pp_err code
+      Fmt.(list ~sep:nop (break ++ string)) (List.rev t.steps)
+  | ex ->
+    Fmt.string f (Printexc.to_string ex)
+
+let pp_multiple f exns =
+  let pp_with_bt f (ex, bt) =
+    match String.trim (Printexc.raw_backtrace_to_string bt) with
+    | "" ->
+      Fmt.pf f "- @[<v>%a@]" pp ex
+    | bt ->
+      Fmt.pf f "- @[<v>%a@,%a@]"
+        pp ex
+        Fmt.lines bt
+  in
+  Fmt.pf f "@[<v>Multiple exceptions:@,%a@]"
+    (Fmt.(list ~sep:cut) pp_with_bt) (List.rev exns)
+
+let () =
+  Printexc.register_printer @@ function
+  | Io _ as ex -> Some (Fmt.str "@[<v>%a@]" pp ex)
+  | Multiple exns -> Some (Fmt.str "%a" pp_multiple exns)
+  | Cancelled ex -> Some ("Cancelled: " ^ Printexc.to_string ex)
+  | _ -> None
+
+let combine e1 e2 =
+  if fst e1 == fst e2 then e1
+  else match e1, e2 with
+    | (Cancelled _, _), e
+    | e, (Cancelled _, _) -> e  (* Don't need to report a cancelled exception if we have something better *)
+    | (Io (c1, t1), bt1), (Io (c2, t2), bt2) -> create (Multiple_io [(c1, t1, bt1); (c2, t2, bt2)]), empty_backtrace
+    | (Multiple exs, bt1), e2 -> Multiple (e2 :: exs), bt1
+    | e1, e2 -> Multiple [e2; e1], empty_backtrace
+
+module Backend = struct
+  type t = ..
+
+  let show = ref true
+
+  let printers : (Format.formatter -> t -> bool) list ref = ref []
+
+  let register_pp fn =
+    printers := fn :: !printers
+
+  let pp f x =
+    if !show then (
+      let rec aux = function
+        | [] -> Fmt.string f "?"
+        | pp :: pps -> if not (pp f x) then aux pps
+      in
+      aux !printers
+    ) else Fmt.string f "_"
+end
+
+type err += X of Backend.t
+
+let () =
+  register_pp (fun f -> function
+      | Multiple_io errs -> Fmt.pf f "Multiple_io@\n%a" (Fmt.(list ~sep:cut) pp_with_bt) errs; true
+      | X ex -> Backend.pp f ex; true
+      | _ -> false
+    )

lib_eio/core/fiber.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+[@@@alert "-unstable"]
+
+type _ Effect.t += Fork : Cancel.fiber_context * (unit -> unit) -> unit Effect.t
+
+let yield () =
+  let fiber = Suspend.enter "" (fun fiber enqueue -> enqueue (Ok fiber)) in
+  Cancel.check fiber.cancel_context
+
+(* Note: [f] must not raise an exception, as that would terminate the whole scheduler. *)
+let fork_raw new_fiber f =
+  Effect.perform (Fork (new_fiber, f))
+
+let fork ~sw f =
+  Switch.check_our_domain sw;
+  if Cancel.is_on sw.cancel then (
+    let vars = Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars () in
+    let new_fiber = Cancel.Fiber_context.make ~cc:sw.cancel ~vars in
+    fork_raw new_fiber @@ fun () ->
+    Switch.with_op sw @@ fun () ->
+    try
+      f ()
+    with ex ->
+      let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+      Switch.fail ~bt sw ex;  (* The [with_op] ensures this will succeed *)
+  ) (* else the fiber should report the error to [sw], but [sw] is failed anyway *)
+
+let fork_daemon ~sw f =
+  Switch.check_our_domain sw;
+  if Cancel.is_on sw.cancel then (
+    let vars = Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars () in
+    let new_fiber = Cancel.Fiber_context.make ~cc:sw.cancel ~vars in
+    fork_raw new_fiber @@ fun () ->
+    Switch.with_daemon sw @@ fun () ->
+    match f () with
+    | `Stop_daemon ->
+      (* The daemon asked to stop. *)
+      ()
+    | exception Cancel.Cancelled Exit when not (Cancel.is_on sw.cancel) ->
+      (* The daemon was cancelled because all non-daemon fibers are finished. *)
+      ()
+    | exception ex ->
+      let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+      Switch.fail ~bt sw ex;  (* The [with_daemon] ensures this will succeed *)
+  ) (* else the fiber should report the error to [sw], but [sw] is failed anyway *)
+
+let fork_promise ~sw f =
+  Switch.check_our_domain sw;
+  let vars = Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars () in
+  let new_fiber = Cancel.Fiber_context.make ~cc:sw.Switch.cancel ~vars in
+  let p, r = Promise.create_with_id (Cancel.Fiber_context.tid new_fiber) in
+  fork_raw new_fiber (fun () ->
+      match Switch.with_op sw f with
+      | x -> Promise.resolve_ok r x
+      | exception ex -> Promise.resolve_error r ex        (* Can't fail; only we have [r] *)
+    );
+  p
+
+(* This is not exposed. On failure it fails [sw], but you need to make sure that
+   any fibers waiting on the promise will be cancelled. *)
+let fork_promise_exn ~sw f =
+  Switch.check_our_domain sw;
+  let vars = Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars () in
+  let new_fiber = Cancel.Fiber_context.make ~cc:sw.Switch.cancel ~vars in
+  let p, r = Promise.create_with_id (Cancel.Fiber_context.tid new_fiber) in
+  fork_raw new_fiber (fun () ->
+      match Switch.with_op sw f with
+      | x -> Promise.resolve r x
+      | exception ex ->
+        let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+        Switch.fail ~bt sw ex  (* The [with_op] ensures this will succeed *)
+    );
+  p
+
+(* Like [List.iter (fork ~sw)], but runs the last one in the current fiber
+   for efficiency and less cluttered traces. *)
+let rec forks ~sw = function
+  | [] -> ()
+  | [x] -> Switch.check sw; x ()
+  | x :: xs ->
+    fork ~sw x;
+    forks ~sw xs
+
+let all xs =
+  Switch.run ~name:"all" @@ fun sw ->
+  forks ~sw xs
+
+let both f g =
+  Switch.run ~name:"both" @@ fun sw ->
+  forks ~sw [f; g]
+
+let pair f g =
+  Switch.run ~name:"pair" @@ fun sw ->
+  let x = fork_promise ~sw f in
+  let y = g () in
+  (Promise.await_exn x, y)
+
+exception Not_first
+
+let await_cancel () =
+  Suspend.enter "await_cancel" @@ fun fiber enqueue ->
+  Cancel.Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn fiber (fun ex -> enqueue (Error ex))
+
+type 'a any_status =
+  | New
+  | Ex of (exn * Printexc.raw_backtrace)
+  | OK of 'a
+
+let any_gen ~return ~combine fs =
+  let r = ref New in
+  let parent_c =
+    Cancel.sub_unchecked Any (fun cc ->
+        let wrap h =
+          match h () with
+          | x ->
+            begin match !r with
+              | New -> r := OK (return x); Cancel.cancel cc Not_first
+              | OK prev -> r := OK (combine prev x)
+              | Ex _ -> ()
+            end
+          | exception Cancel.Cancelled _ when not (Cancel.is_on cc) ->
+            (* If this is in response to us asking the fiber to cancel then we can just ignore it.
+               If it's in response to our parent context being cancelled (which also cancels [cc]) then
+               we'll check that context and raise it at the end anyway. *)
+            ()
+          | exception ex ->
+            begin match !r with
+              | New -> r := Ex (ex, Printexc.get_raw_backtrace ()); Cancel.cancel cc ex
+              | OK _ -> r := Ex (ex, Printexc.get_raw_backtrace ())
+              | Ex prev ->
+                let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+                r := Ex (Exn.combine prev (ex, bt))
+            end
+        in
+        let vars = Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars () in
+        let rec aux = function
+          | [] -> await_cancel ()
+          | [f] -> wrap f; []
+          | f :: fs ->
+            let new_fiber = Cancel.Fiber_context.make ~cc ~vars in
+            let p, r = Promise.create_with_id (Cancel.Fiber_context.tid new_fiber) in
+            fork_raw new_fiber (fun () ->
+                match wrap f with
+                | () -> Promise.resolve_ok r ()
+                | exception ex -> Promise.resolve_error r ex
+              );
+            p :: aux fs
+        in
+        let ps = aux fs in
+        Cancel.protect (fun () -> List.iter Promise.await_exn ps)
+      )
+  in
+  match !r, Cancel.get_error parent_c with
+  | OK r, None -> r
+  | (OK _ | New), Some ex -> raise ex
+  | Ex (ex, bt), None -> Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+  | Ex ex1, Some ex2 ->
+    let bt2 = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+    let ex, bt = Exn.combine ex1 (ex2, bt2) in
+    Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+  | New, None -> assert false
+
+let n_any fs =
+  List.rev (any_gen fs ~return:(fun x -> [x]) ~combine:(fun xs x -> x :: xs))
+
+let any ?(combine=(fun x _ -> x)) fs = any_gen fs ~return:Fun.id ~combine
+
+let first ?combine f g = any ?combine [f; g]
+
+let is_cancelled () =
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  not (Cancel.is_on ctx.cancel_context)
+
+let check () =
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  Cancel.check ctx.cancel_context
+
+(* Some concurrent list operations *)
+module List = struct
+
+  let opt_cons x xs =
+    match x with
+    | None -> xs
+    | Some x -> x :: xs
+
+  module Limiter : sig
+    (** This is a bit like using a semaphore, but it assumes that there is only a
+        single fiber using it. e.g. you must not call {!use}, {!fork}, etc from
+        two different fibers. *)
+
+    type t
+
+    val create : sw:Switch.t -> int -> t
+    (** [create ~sw n] is a limiter that allows running up to [n] jobs at once. *)
+
+    val use : t -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b
+    (** [use t fn x] runs [fn x] in this fiber, counting it as one use of [t]. *)
+
+    val fork : t -> ('a -> unit) -> 'a -> unit
+    (** [fork t fn x] runs [fn x] in a new fibre, once a fiber is free. *)
+
+    val fork_promise_exn : t -> ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b Promise.t
+    (** [fork_promise_exn t fn x] runs [fn x] in a new fibre, once a fiber is free,
+        and returns a promise for the result. *)
+  end = struct
+    type t = {
+      mutable free_fibers : int;
+      cond : unit Single_waiter.t;
+      sw : Switch.t;
+    }
+
+    let max_fibers_err n =
+      Fmt.failwith "max_fibers must be positive (got %d)" n
+
+    let create ~sw max_fibers =
+      if max_fibers <= 0 then max_fibers_err max_fibers;
+      {
+        free_fibers = max_fibers;
+        cond = Single_waiter.create ();
+        sw;
+      }
+
+    let await_free t =
+      if t.free_fibers = 0 then Single_waiter.await t.cond "Limiter.await_free" t.sw.cancel.id;
+      (* If we got woken up then there was a free fiber then. And since we're the
+         only fiber that uses [t], and we were sleeping, it must still be free. *)
+      assert (t.free_fibers > 0);
+      t.free_fibers <- t.free_fibers - 1
+
+    let release t =
+      t.free_fibers <- t.free_fibers + 1;
+      if t.free_fibers = 1 then Single_waiter.wake_if_sleeping t.cond
+
+    let use t fn x =
+      await_free t;
+      let r = fn x in
+      release t;
+      r
+
+    let fork_promise_exn t fn x =
+      await_free t;
+      fork_promise_exn ~sw:t.sw (fun () -> let r = fn x in release t; r)
+
+    let fork t fn x =
+      await_free t;
+      fork ~sw:t.sw (fun () -> fn x; release t)
+  end
+
+  let filter_map ?(max_fibers=max_int) fn items =
+    match items with
+    | [] -> []    (* Avoid creating a switch in the simple case *)
+    | items ->
+      Switch.run ~name:"filter_map" @@ fun sw ->
+      let limiter = Limiter.create ~sw max_fibers in
+      let rec aux = function
+        | [] -> []
+        | [x] -> Option.to_list (Limiter.use limiter fn x)
+        | x :: xs ->
+          let x = Limiter.fork_promise_exn limiter fn x in
+          let xs = aux xs in
+          opt_cons (Promise.await x) xs
+      in
+      aux items
+
+  let map ?max_fibers fn = filter_map ?max_fibers (fun x -> Some (fn x))
+  let filter ?max_fibers fn = filter_map ?max_fibers (fun x -> if fn x then Some x else None)
+
+  let iter ?(max_fibers=max_int) fn items =
+    match items with
+    | [] -> ()    (* Avoid creating a switch in the simple case *)
+    | items ->
+      Switch.run ~name:"iter" @@ fun sw ->
+      let limiter = Limiter.create ~sw max_fibers in
+      let rec aux = function
+        | [] -> ()
+        | [x] -> Limiter.use limiter fn x
+        | x :: xs ->
+          Limiter.fork limiter fn x;
+          aux xs
+      in
+      aux items
+
+end
+
+type 'a key = 'a Hmap.key
+
+let create_key () = Hmap.Key.create ()
+
+let get key = Hmap.find key (Cancel.Fiber_context.get_vars ())
+
+let with_binding var value fn =
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  Cancel.Fiber_context.with_vars ctx (Hmap.add var value ctx.vars) fn
+
+let without_binding var fn =
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  Cancel.Fiber_context.with_vars ctx (Hmap.rem var ctx.vars) fn
+
+(* Coroutines.
+
+   [fork_coroutine ~sw fn] creates a new fiber for [fn]. [fn] immediately suspends, setting its state to
+   [Ready enqueue]. A consumer can resume it by setting the state to [Running] and calling [enqueue],
+   while suspending itself. The consumer passes in its own [enqueue] function. They run alternatively
+   like this, switching between the [Ready] and [Running] states.
+
+   To finish, the coroutine fiber can set the state to [Finished] or [Failed],
+   or the client can set the state to [Client_cancelled].
+*)
+
+(* Note: we could easily generalise this to [('in, 'out) coroutine] if that was useful. *)
+type 'out coroutine =
+  [ `Init
+  | `Ready of [`Running of 'out Suspend.enqueue] Suspend.enqueue
+  | `Running of 'out Suspend.enqueue
+  | `Finished
+  | `Client_cancelled of exn
+  | `Failed of exn ]
+
+(* The only good reason for the state to change while the coroutine is running is if the client
+   cancels. Return the exception in that case. If the coroutine is buggy it might e.g. fork two
+   fibers and yield twice for a single request - return Invalid_argument in that case. *)
+let unwrap_cancelled state =
+  match Atomic.get state with
+  | `Client_cancelled ex -> ex
+  | `Finished | `Failed _ -> Invalid_argument "Coroutine has already stopped!"
+  | `Ready _ -> Invalid_argument "Coroutine has already yielded!"
+  | `Init | `Running _ -> Invalid_argument "Coroutine in unexpected state!"
+
+let run_coroutine ~state fn =
+  let await_request ~prev ~on_suspend =
+    (* Suspend and wait for the consumer to resume us: *)
+    Suspend.enter "await-consumer" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        let ready = `Ready enqueue in
+        if Atomic.compare_and_set state prev ready then (
+          Cancel.Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+              if Atomic.compare_and_set state ready (`Failed ex) then
+                enqueue (Error ex);
+              (* else the client enqueued a resume for us; handle that instead *)
+            );
+          on_suspend ()
+        ) else (
+          enqueue (Error (unwrap_cancelled state))
+        )
+      )
+  in
+  let current_state = ref (await_request ~prev:`Init ~on_suspend:ignore) in
+  fn (fun v ->
+      (* The coroutine wants to yield the value [v] and suspend. *)
+      let `Running enqueue as prev = !current_state in
+      current_state := await_request ~prev ~on_suspend:(fun () -> enqueue (Ok (Some v)))
+    );
+  (* [fn] has finished. End the stream. *)
+  if Atomic.compare_and_set state (!current_state :> _ coroutine) `Finished then (
+    let `Running enqueue = !current_state in
+    enqueue (Ok None)
+  ) else (
+    raise (unwrap_cancelled state)
+  )
+
+let fork_coroutine ~sw fn =
+  let state = Atomic.make `Init in
+  fork_daemon ~sw (fun () ->
+      try
+        run_coroutine ~state fn;
+        `Stop_daemon
+      with ex ->
+        match ex, Atomic.exchange state (`Failed ex) with
+          | _, `Running enqueue ->
+            (* A client is waiting for us. Send the error there. Also do this if we were cancelled. *)
+            enqueue (Error ex);
+            `Stop_daemon
+          | Cancel.Cancelled _, _ ->
+            (* The client isn't waiting (probably it got cancelled, then we tried to yield to it and got cancelled too).
+               If it tries to resume us later it will see the error. *)
+            `Stop_daemon
+          | _ ->
+            (* Something unexpected happened. Re-raise. *)
+            raise ex
+    );
+  fun () ->
+    Suspend.enter "await-producer" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        let rec aux () =
+          match Atomic.get state with
+          | `Ready resume as prev ->
+            let running = `Running enqueue in
+            if Atomic.compare_and_set state prev running then (
+              resume (Ok running);
+              Cancel.Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+                  if Atomic.compare_and_set state running (`Client_cancelled ex) then
+                    enqueue (Error ex)
+                )
+            ) else aux ()
+          | `Finished -> enqueue (Error (Invalid_argument "Coroutine has already finished!"))
+          | `Failed ex | `Client_cancelled ex -> enqueue (Error (Invalid_argument ("Coroutine has already failed: " ^ Printexc.to_string ex)))
+          | `Running _ -> enqueue (Error (Invalid_argument "Coroutine is still running!"))
+          | `Init -> assert false
+        in
+        aux ()
+      )
+
+let fork_seq ~sw fn =
+  Seq.of_dispenser (fork_coroutine ~sw fn)

lib_eio/core/promise.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+type 'a state =
+  | Resolved of 'a
+  | Unresolved of Broadcast.t
+
+type !'a promise = {
+  id : Trace.id;
+  state : 'a state Atomic.t;    (* Note: we always switch to Resolved before broadcasting *)
+}
+
+type +!'a t
+type -!'a u
+
+type 'a or_exn = ('a, exn) result t
+
+let to_public_promise : 'a promise -> 'a t = Obj.magic
+let to_public_resolver : 'a promise -> 'a u = Obj.magic
+let of_public_promise : 'a t -> 'a promise = Obj.magic
+let of_public_resolver : 'a u -> 'a promise = Obj.magic
+
+let create_with_id id =
+  let t = {
+    id;
+    state = Atomic.make (Unresolved (Broadcast.create ()));
+  } in
+  to_public_promise t, to_public_resolver t
+
+let create ?label () =
+  let id = Trace.mint_id () in
+  Trace.create_obj ?label id Promise;
+  create_with_id id
+
+let create_resolved x =
+  let id = Trace.mint_id () in
+  Trace.create_obj id Promise;
+  to_public_promise { id; state = Atomic.make (Resolved x) }
+
+let await t =
+  let t = of_public_promise t in
+  match Atomic.get t.state with
+  | Resolved x ->
+    Trace.get t.id;
+    x
+  | Unresolved b ->
+    Suspend.enter "Promise.await" (fun ctx enqueue ->
+        match Broadcast.suspend b (fun () -> enqueue (Ok ())) with
+        | None -> ()  (* We got resumed immediately *)
+        | Some request ->
+          match Atomic.get t.state with
+          | Resolved _ ->
+            (* The promise was resolved as we were suspending.
+               Resume now if we haven't already done so. *)
+            if Broadcast.cancel request then enqueue (Ok ())
+          | Unresolved _ ->
+            (* We observed the promise to be still unresolved after registering a waiter.
+               Therefore any resolution must happen after we were registered and we will be notified. *)
+            Trace.try_get t.id;
+            Cancel.Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+                if Broadcast.cancel request then enqueue (Error ex)
+                (* else already resumed *)
+              )
+      );
+    match Atomic.get t.state with
+    | Resolved x ->
+      Trace.get t.id;
+      x
+    | Unresolved _ -> assert false
+
+let await_exn t =
+  match await t with
+  | Ok x -> x
+  | Error ex -> raise ex
+
+let try_resolve t v =
+  let rec resolve' t v =
+    match Atomic.get t.state with
+    | Resolved _ -> false
+    | Unresolved b as prev ->
+      if Atomic.compare_and_set t.state prev (Resolved v) then (
+        Trace.put t.id;
+        Broadcast.resume_all b;
+        true
+      ) else (
+        (* Otherwise, the promise was already resolved. Retry (to get the error). *)
+        resolve' t v
+      )
+  in
+  resolve' (of_public_resolver t) v
+
+let resolve u x =
+  if not (try_resolve u x) then
+    invalid_arg "Can't resolve already-resolved promise"
+
+let resolve_ok    u x = resolve u (Ok x)
+let resolve_error u x = resolve u (Error x)
+
+let peek t =
+  let t = of_public_promise t in
+  match Atomic.get t.state with
+  | Unresolved _ -> None
+  | Resolved x -> Some x
+
+let id t =
+  let t = of_public_promise t in
+  t.id
+
+let is_resolved t =
+  Option.is_some (peek t)

lib_eio/core/single_waiter.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+type 'a state =
+  | Running
+  | Sleeping of (('a, exn) result -> unit)
+
+type 'a t = 'a state ref
+
+let create () = ref Running
+
+let wake t v =
+  match !t with
+  | Running -> false
+  | Sleeping fn ->
+    t := Running;
+    fn v;
+    true
+
+let wake_if_sleeping t =
+  ignore (wake t (Ok ()) : bool)
+
+let await t op id =
+  let x =
+    Suspend.enter op @@ fun ctx enqueue ->
+    Cancel.Fiber_context.set_cancel_fn ctx (fun ex ->
+        t := Running;
+        enqueue (Error ex)
+      );
+    t := Sleeping (fun x ->
+        Cancel.Fiber_context.clear_cancel_fn ctx;
+        t := Running;
+        enqueue x
+      )
+  in
+  Trace.get id;
+  x
+
+let await_protect t op id =
+  let x =
+    Suspend.enter_unchecked op @@ fun _ctx enqueue ->
+    t := Sleeping (fun x -> t := Running; enqueue x)
+  in
+  Trace.get id;
+  x

lib_eio/core/single_waiter.mli

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+(** Allows a single fiber to wait to be notified by another fiber in the same domain.
+    If multiple fibers need to wait at once, or the notification comes from another domain,
+    this can't be used. *)
+
+type 'a t
+(** A handle representing a fiber that might be sleeping.
+    It is either in the Running or Sleeping state. *)
+
+val create : unit -> 'a t
+(** [create ()] is a new waiter, initially in the Running state. *)
+
+val wake : 'a t -> ('a, exn) result -> bool
+(** [wake t v] resumes [t]'s fiber with value [v] and returns [true] if it was sleeping.
+    If [t] is Running then this just returns [false]. *)
+
+val wake_if_sleeping : unit t -> unit
+(** [wake_if_sleeping] is [ignore (wake t (Ok ()))]. *)
+
+val await : 'a t -> string -> Trace.id -> 'a
+(** [await t op id] suspends the calling fiber, changing [t]'s state to Sleeping.
+    If the fiber is cancelled, a cancel exception is raised.
+    [op] and [id] are used for tracing. *)
+
+val await_protect : 'a t -> string -> Trace.id -> 'a
+(** [await_protect] is like {!await}, but the sleep cannot be cancelled. *)

lib_eio/core/suspend.ml

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 type 'a enqueue = ('a, exn) result -> unit
 type _ Effect.t += Suspend : (Cancel.fiber_context -> 'a enqueue -> unit) -> 'a Effect.t
 
-let enter_unchecked fn = Effect.perform (Suspend fn)
+let enter_unchecked op fn =
+  Trace.suspend_fiber op;
+  Effect.perform (Suspend fn)
 
-let enter fn =
-  enter_unchecked @@ fun fiber enqueue ->
+let enter op fn =
+  enter_unchecked op @@ fun fiber enqueue ->
   match Cancel.Fiber_context.get_error fiber with
   | None -> fn fiber enqueue
   | Some ex -> enqueue (Error ex)

lib_eio/core/switch.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+type t = {
+  mutable fibers : int;         (* Total, including daemon_fibers and the main function *)
+  mutable daemon_fibers : int;
+  mutable exs : (exn * Printexc.raw_backtrace) option;
+  on_release_lock : Mutex.t;
+  mutable on_release : (unit -> unit) Lwt_dllist.t option;      (* [None] when closed. *)
+  waiter : unit Single_waiter.t;              (* The main [top]/[sub] function may wait here for fibers to finish. *)
+  cancel : Cancel.t;
+}
+
+type hook =
+  | Null
+  | Hook : Mutex.t * (unit -> unit) Lwt_dllist.node -> hook
+
+let null_hook = Null
+
+let cancelled () = assert false
+
+let try_remove_hook = function
+  | Null -> false
+  | Hook (on_release_lock, n) ->
+    Mutex.lock on_release_lock;
+    Lwt_dllist.remove n;
+    let fn = Lwt_dllist.get n in
+    Lwt_dllist.set n cancelled;
+    Mutex.unlock on_release_lock;
+    fn != cancelled
+
+let remove_hook x = ignore (try_remove_hook x : bool)
+
+let dump f t =
+  Fmt.pf f "@[<v2>Switch %d (%d extra fibers):@,%a@]"
+    (t.cancel.id :> int)
+    t.fibers
+    Cancel.dump t.cancel
+
+let is_finished t = Cancel.is_finished t.cancel
+
+(* Check switch belongs to this domain (and isn't finished). It's OK if it's cancelling. *)
+let check_our_domain t =
+  if is_finished t then invalid_arg "Switch finished!";
+  if Domain.self () <> t.cancel.domain then invalid_arg "Switch accessed from wrong domain!"
+
+(* Check isn't cancelled (or finished). *)
+let check t =
+  if is_finished t then invalid_arg "Switch finished!";
+  Cancel.check t.cancel
+
+let get_error t =
+  Cancel.get_error t.cancel
+
+let combine_exn ex = function
+  | None -> ex
+  | Some ex1 -> Exn.combine ex1 ex
+
+(* Note: raises if [t] is finished or called from wrong domain. *)
+let fail ?(bt=Exn.empty_backtrace) t ex =
+  check_our_domain t;
+  t.exs <- Some (combine_exn (ex, bt) t.exs);
+  try
+    Cancel.cancel t.cancel ex
+  with ex ->
+    let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+    t.exs <- Some (combine_exn (ex, bt) t.exs)
+
+let inc_fibers t =
+  check t;
+  t.fibers <- t.fibers + 1
+
+let dec_fibers t =
+  t.fibers <- t.fibers - 1;
+  if t.daemon_fibers > 0 && t.fibers = t.daemon_fibers then
+    Cancel.cancel t.cancel Exit;
+  if t.fibers = 0 then
+    Single_waiter.wake_if_sleeping t.waiter
+
+let with_op t fn =
+  inc_fibers t;
+  Fun.protect fn
+    ~finally:(fun () -> dec_fibers t)
+
+let with_daemon t fn =
+  inc_fibers t;
+  t.daemon_fibers <- t.daemon_fibers + 1;
+  Fun.protect fn
+    ~finally:(fun () ->
+        t.daemon_fibers <- t.daemon_fibers - 1;
+        dec_fibers t
+      )
+
+let or_raise = function
+  | Ok x -> x
+  | Error ex -> raise ex
+
+let rec await_idle t =
+  (* Wait for fibers to finish: *)
+  while t.fibers > 0 do
+    Trace.try_get t.cancel.id;
+    Single_waiter.await_protect t.waiter "Switch.await_idle" t.cancel.id
+  done;
+  (* Collect on_release handlers: *)
+  let queue = ref [] in
+  let enqueue n =
+    let fn = Lwt_dllist.get n in
+    Lwt_dllist.set n cancelled;
+    queue := fn :: !queue
+  in
+  Mutex.lock t.on_release_lock;
+  Option.iter (Lwt_dllist.iter_node_l enqueue) t.on_release;
+  t.on_release <- None;
+  Mutex.unlock t.on_release_lock;
+  (* Run on_release handlers *)
+  !queue |> List.iter (fun fn -> try Cancel.protect fn with ex -> fail t ex);
+  if t.fibers > 0 then await_idle t
+
+let maybe_raise_exs t =
+  match t.exs with
+  | None -> ()
+  | Some (ex, bt) -> Printexc.raise_with_backtrace ex bt
+
+let create cancel =
+  {
+    fibers = 1;         (* The main function counts as a fiber *)
+    daemon_fibers = 0;
+    exs = None;
+    waiter = Single_waiter.create ();
+    on_release_lock = Mutex.create ();
+    on_release = Some (Lwt_dllist.create ());
+    cancel;
+  }
+
+let run_internal t fn =
+  match fn t with
+  | v ->
+    dec_fibers t;
+    await_idle t;
+    Trace.get t.cancel.id;
+    maybe_raise_exs t;        (* Check for failure while finishing *)
+    (* Success. *)
+    v
+  | exception ex ->
+    let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+    (* Main function failed.
+       Turn the switch off to cancel any running fibers, if it's not off already. *)
+    dec_fibers t;
+    fail ~bt t ex;
+    await_idle t;
+    Trace.get t.cancel.id;
+    maybe_raise_exs t;
+    assert false
+
+let run ?name fn = Cancel.sub_checked ?name Switch (fun cc -> run_internal (create cc) fn)
+
+let run_protected ?name fn =
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  Cancel.with_cc ~ctx ~parent:ctx.cancel_context ~protected:true Switch @@ fun cancel ->
+  Option.iter (Trace.name cancel.id) name;
+  run_internal (create cancel) fn
+
+(* Run [fn ()] in [t]'s cancellation context.
+   This prevents [t] from finishing until [fn] is done,
+   and means that cancelling [t] will cancel [fn]. *)
+let run_in t fn =
+  with_op t @@ fun () ->
+  let ctx = Effect.perform Cancel.Get_context in
+  let old_cc = ctx.cancel_context in
+  Cancel.move_fiber_to t.cancel ctx;
+  match fn () with
+  | ()           -> Cancel.move_fiber_to old_cc ctx;
+  | exception ex -> Cancel.move_fiber_to old_cc ctx; raise ex
+
+exception Release_error of string * exn
+
+let () =
+  Printexc.register_printer (function
+      | Release_error (msg, ex) -> Some (Fmt.str "@[<v2>%s@,while handling %a@]" msg Exn.pp ex)
+      | _ -> None
+    )
+
+let on_release_full t fn =
+  Mutex.lock t.on_release_lock;
+  match t.on_release with
+  | Some handlers ->
+    let node = Lwt_dllist.add_r fn handlers in
+    Mutex.unlock t.on_release_lock;
+    node
+  | None ->
+    Mutex.unlock t.on_release_lock;
+    match Cancel.protect fn with
+    | () -> invalid_arg "Switch finished!"
+    | exception ex ->
+      let bt = Printexc.get_raw_backtrace () in
+      Printexc.raise_with_backtrace (Release_error ("Switch finished!", ex)) bt
+
+let on_release t fn =
+  ignore (on_release_full t fn : _ Lwt_dllist.node)
+
+let on_release_cancellable t fn =
+  Hook (t.on_release_lock, on_release_full t fn)