PostgreSQL/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * createplan.c
 *	  Routines to create the desired plan for processing a query.
 *	  Planning is complete, we just need to convert the selected
 *	  Path into a Plan.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c,v 1.190 2005/05/30 18:55:49 tgl Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <limits.h>

#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/plancat.h"
#include "optimizer/planmain.h"
#include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
#include "optimizer/tlist.h"
#include "optimizer/var.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
#include "parser/parse_expr.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"


static Scan *create_scan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path);
static List *build_relation_tlist(RelOptInfo *rel);
static bool use_physical_tlist(RelOptInfo *rel);
static void disuse_physical_tlist(Plan *plan, Path *path);
static Join *create_join_plan(Query *root, JoinPath *best_path);
static Append *create_append_plan(Query *root, AppendPath *best_path);
static Result *create_result_plan(Query *root, ResultPath *best_path);
static Material *create_material_plan(Query *root, MaterialPath *best_path);
static Plan *create_unique_plan(Query *root, UniquePath *best_path);
static SeqScan *create_seqscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
					List *tlist, List *scan_clauses);
static IndexScan *create_indexscan_plan(Query *root, IndexPath *best_path,
					  List *tlist, List *scan_clauses,
					  List **nonlossy_clauses);
static BitmapHeapScan *create_bitmap_scan_plan(Query *root,
											   BitmapHeapPath *best_path,
											   List *tlist, List *scan_clauses);
static Plan *create_bitmap_subplan(Query *root, Path *bitmapqual,
								   List **qual, List **indexqual);
static TidScan *create_tidscan_plan(Query *root, TidPath *best_path,
					List *tlist, List *scan_clauses);
static SubqueryScan *create_subqueryscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
						 List *tlist, List *scan_clauses);
static FunctionScan *create_functionscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
						 List *tlist, List *scan_clauses);
static NestLoop *create_nestloop_plan(Query *root, NestPath *best_path,
					 Plan *outer_plan, Plan *inner_plan);
static MergeJoin *create_mergejoin_plan(Query *root, MergePath *best_path,
					  Plan *outer_plan, Plan *inner_plan);
static HashJoin *create_hashjoin_plan(Query *root, HashPath *best_path,
					 Plan *outer_plan, Plan *inner_plan);
static void fix_indexqual_references(List *indexquals, IndexPath *index_path,
						 List **fixed_indexquals,
						 List **nonlossy_indexquals,
						 List **indexstrategy,
						 List **indexsubtype);
static Node *fix_indexqual_operand(Node *node, IndexOptInfo *index,
								  Oid *opclass);
static List *get_switched_clauses(List *clauses, Relids outerrelids);
static void copy_path_costsize(Plan *dest, Path *src);
static void copy_plan_costsize(Plan *dest, Plan *src);
static SeqScan *make_seqscan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual, Index scanrelid);
static IndexScan *make_indexscan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual, Index scanrelid,
			   Oid indexid, List *indexqual, List *indexqualorig,
			   List *indexstrategy, List *indexsubtype,
			   ScanDirection indexscandir);
static BitmapIndexScan *make_bitmap_indexscan(Index scanrelid, Oid indexid,
											  List *indexqual,
											  List *indexqualorig,
											  List *indexstrategy,
											  List *indexsubtype);
static BitmapHeapScan *make_bitmap_heapscan(List *qptlist,
											List *qpqual,
											Plan *lefttree,
											List *bitmapqualorig,
											Index scanrelid);
static TidScan *make_tidscan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual, Index scanrelid,
			 List *tideval);
static FunctionScan *make_functionscan(List *qptlist, List *qpqual,
				  Index scanrelid);
static BitmapAnd *make_bitmap_and(List *bitmapplans);
static BitmapOr *make_bitmap_or(List *bitmapplans);
static NestLoop *make_nestloop(List *tlist,
			  List *joinclauses, List *otherclauses,
			  Plan *lefttree, Plan *righttree,
			  JoinType jointype);
static HashJoin *make_hashjoin(List *tlist,
			  List *joinclauses, List *otherclauses,
			  List *hashclauses,
			  Plan *lefttree, Plan *righttree,
			  JoinType jointype);
static Hash *make_hash(Plan *lefttree);
static MergeJoin *make_mergejoin(List *tlist,
			   List *joinclauses, List *otherclauses,
			   List *mergeclauses,
			   Plan *lefttree, Plan *righttree,
			   JoinType jointype);
static Sort *make_sort(Query *root, Plan *lefttree, int numCols,
		  AttrNumber *sortColIdx, Oid *sortOperators);
static Sort *make_sort_from_pathkeys(Query *root, Plan *lefttree,
						List *pathkeys);


/*
 * create_plan
 *	  Creates the access plan for a query by tracing backwards through the
 *	  desired chain of pathnodes, starting at the node 'best_path'.  For
 *	  every pathnode found:
 *	  (1) Create a corresponding plan node containing appropriate id,
 *		  target list, and qualification information.
 *	  (2) Modify qual clauses of join nodes so that subplan attributes are
 *		  referenced using relative values.
 *	  (3) Target lists are not modified, but will be in setrefs.c.
 *
 *	  best_path is the best access path
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan tree.
 */
Plan *
create_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path)
{
	Plan	   *plan;

	switch (best_path->pathtype)
	{
		case T_SeqScan:
		case T_IndexScan:
		case T_BitmapHeapScan:
		case T_TidScan:
		case T_SubqueryScan:
		case T_FunctionScan:
			plan = (Plan *) create_scan_plan(root, best_path);
			break;
		case T_HashJoin:
		case T_MergeJoin:
		case T_NestLoop:
			plan = (Plan *) create_join_plan(root,
											 (JoinPath *) best_path);
			break;
		case T_Append:
			plan = (Plan *) create_append_plan(root,
											   (AppendPath *) best_path);
			break;
		case T_Result:
			plan = (Plan *) create_result_plan(root,
											   (ResultPath *) best_path);
			break;
		case T_Material:
			plan = (Plan *) create_material_plan(root,
											 (MaterialPath *) best_path);
			break;
		case T_Unique:
			plan = (Plan *) create_unique_plan(root,
											   (UniquePath *) best_path);
			break;
		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
				 (int) best_path->pathtype);
			plan = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
			break;
	}

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_scan_plan
 *	 Create a scan plan for the parent relation of 'best_path'.
 *
 *	 Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Scan *
create_scan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path)
{
	RelOptInfo *rel = best_path->parent;
	List	   *tlist;
	List	   *scan_clauses;
	Scan	   *plan;

	/*
	 * For table scans, rather than using the relation targetlist (which
	 * is only those Vars actually needed by the query), we prefer to
	 * generate a tlist containing all Vars in order.  This will allow the
	 * executor to optimize away projection of the table tuples, if
	 * possible.  (Note that planner.c may replace the tlist we generate
	 * here, forcing projection to occur.)
	 */
	if (use_physical_tlist(rel))
	{
		tlist = build_physical_tlist(root, rel);
		/* if fail because of dropped cols, use regular method */
		if (tlist == NIL)
			tlist = build_relation_tlist(rel);
	}
	else
		tlist = build_relation_tlist(rel);

	/*
	 * Extract the relevant restriction clauses from the parent relation;
	 * the executor must apply all these restrictions during the scan.
	 */
	scan_clauses = rel->baserestrictinfo;

	switch (best_path->pathtype)
	{
		case T_SeqScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_seqscan_plan(root,
												best_path,
												tlist,
												scan_clauses);
			break;

		case T_IndexScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_indexscan_plan(root,
												  (IndexPath *) best_path,
												  tlist,
												  scan_clauses,
												  NULL);
			break;

		case T_BitmapHeapScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_bitmap_scan_plan(root,
													(BitmapHeapPath *) best_path,
													tlist,
													scan_clauses);
			break;

		case T_TidScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_tidscan_plan(root,
												(TidPath *) best_path,
												tlist,
												scan_clauses);
			break;

		case T_SubqueryScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_subqueryscan_plan(root,
													 best_path,
													 tlist,
													 scan_clauses);
			break;

		case T_FunctionScan:
			plan = (Scan *) create_functionscan_plan(root,
													 best_path,
													 tlist,
													 scan_clauses);
			break;

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
				 (int) best_path->pathtype);
			plan = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
			break;
	}

	return plan;
}

/*
 * Build a target list (ie, a list of TargetEntry) for a relation.
 */
static List *
build_relation_tlist(RelOptInfo *rel)
{
	List	   *tlist = NIL;
	int			resno = 1;
	ListCell   *v;

	foreach(v, rel->reltargetlist)
	{
		/* Do we really need to copy here?	Not sure */
		Var		   *var = (Var *) copyObject(lfirst(v));

		tlist = lappend(tlist, makeTargetEntry((Expr *) var,
											   resno,
											   NULL,
											   false));
		resno++;
	}
	return tlist;
}

/*
 * use_physical_tlist
 *		Decide whether to use a tlist matching relation structure,
 *		rather than only those Vars actually referenced.
 */
static bool
use_physical_tlist(RelOptInfo *rel)
{
	int			i;

	/*
	 * OK for subquery and function scans; otherwise, can't do it for
	 * anything except real relations.
	 */
	if (rel->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
	{
		if (rel->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY)
			return true;
		if (rel->rtekind == RTE_FUNCTION)
			return true;
		return false;
	}

	/*
	 * Can't do it with inheritance cases either (mainly because Append
	 * doesn't project).
	 */
	if (rel->reloptkind != RELOPT_BASEREL)
		return false;

	/*
	 * Can't do it if any system columns are requested, either.  (This
	 * could possibly be fixed but would take some fragile assumptions in
	 * setrefs.c, I think.)
	 */
	for (i = rel->min_attr; i <= 0; i++)
	{
		if (!bms_is_empty(rel->attr_needed[i - rel->min_attr]))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * disuse_physical_tlist
 *		Switch a plan node back to emitting only Vars actually referenced.
 *
 * If the plan node immediately above a scan would prefer to get only
 * needed Vars and not a physical tlist, it must call this routine to
 * undo the decision made by use_physical_tlist().	Currently, Hash, Sort,
 * and Material nodes want this, so they don't have to store useless columns.
 */
static void
disuse_physical_tlist(Plan *plan, Path *path)
{
	/* Only need to undo it for path types handled by create_scan_plan() */
	switch (path->pathtype)
	{
		case T_SeqScan:
		case T_IndexScan:
		case T_BitmapHeapScan:
		case T_TidScan:
		case T_SubqueryScan:
		case T_FunctionScan:
			plan->targetlist = build_relation_tlist(path->parent);
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

/*
 * create_join_plan
 *	  Create a join plan for 'best_path' and (recursively) plans for its
 *	  inner and outer paths.
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Join *
create_join_plan(Query *root, JoinPath *best_path)
{
	Plan	   *outer_plan;
	Plan	   *inner_plan;
	Join	   *plan;

	outer_plan = create_plan(root, best_path->outerjoinpath);
	inner_plan = create_plan(root, best_path->innerjoinpath);

	switch (best_path->path.pathtype)
	{
		case T_MergeJoin:
			plan = (Join *) create_mergejoin_plan(root,
												  (MergePath *) best_path,
												  outer_plan,
												  inner_plan);
			break;
		case T_HashJoin:
			plan = (Join *) create_hashjoin_plan(root,
												 (HashPath *) best_path,
												 outer_plan,
												 inner_plan);
			break;
		case T_NestLoop:
			plan = (Join *) create_nestloop_plan(root,
												 (NestPath *) best_path,
												 outer_plan,
												 inner_plan);
			break;
		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
				 (int) best_path->path.pathtype);
			plan = NULL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
			break;
	}

#ifdef NOT_USED

	/*
	 * * Expensive function pullups may have pulled local predicates *
	 * into this path node.  Put them in the qpqual of the plan node. *
	 * JMH, 6/15/92
	 */
	if (get_loc_restrictinfo(best_path) != NIL)
		set_qpqual((Plan) plan,
				   list_concat(get_qpqual((Plan) plan),
				   get_actual_clauses(get_loc_restrictinfo(best_path))));
#endif

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_append_plan
 *	  Create an Append plan for 'best_path' and (recursively) plans
 *	  for its subpaths.
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Append *
create_append_plan(Query *root, AppendPath *best_path)
{
	Append	   *plan;
	List	   *tlist = build_relation_tlist(best_path->path.parent);
	List	   *subplans = NIL;
	ListCell   *subpaths;

	foreach(subpaths, best_path->subpaths)
	{
		Path	   *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(subpaths);

		subplans = lappend(subplans, create_plan(root, subpath));
	}

	plan = make_append(subplans, false, tlist);

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_result_plan
 *	  Create a Result plan for 'best_path' and (recursively) plans
 *	  for its subpaths.
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Result *
create_result_plan(Query *root, ResultPath *best_path)
{
	Result	   *plan;
	List	   *tlist;
	List	   *constclauses;
	Plan	   *subplan;

	if (best_path->path.parent)
		tlist = build_relation_tlist(best_path->path.parent);
	else
		tlist = NIL;			/* will be filled in later */

	if (best_path->subpath)
		subplan = create_plan(root, best_path->subpath);
	else
		subplan = NULL;

	constclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, best_path->constantqual);

	plan = make_result(tlist, (Node *) constclauses, subplan);

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_material_plan
 *	  Create a Material plan for 'best_path' and (recursively) plans
 *	  for its subpaths.
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Material *
create_material_plan(Query *root, MaterialPath *best_path)
{
	Material   *plan;
	Plan	   *subplan;

	subplan = create_plan(root, best_path->subpath);

	/* We don't want any excess columns in the materialized tuples */
	disuse_physical_tlist(subplan, best_path->subpath);

	plan = make_material(subplan);

	copy_path_costsize(&plan->plan, (Path *) best_path);

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_unique_plan
 *	  Create a Unique plan for 'best_path' and (recursively) plans
 *	  for its subpaths.
 *
 *	  Returns a Plan node.
 */
static Plan *
create_unique_plan(Query *root, UniquePath *best_path)
{
	Plan	   *plan;
	Plan	   *subplan;
	List	   *uniq_exprs;
	int			numGroupCols;
	AttrNumber *groupColIdx;
	int			groupColPos;
	List	   *newtlist;
	int			nextresno;
	bool		newitems;
	ListCell   *l;

	subplan = create_plan(root, best_path->subpath);

	/*
	 * As constructed, the subplan has a "flat" tlist containing just the
	 * Vars needed here and at upper levels.  The values we are supposed
	 * to unique-ify may be expressions in these variables.  We have to
	 * add any such expressions to the subplan's tlist.  We then build
	 * control information showing which subplan output columns are to be
	 * examined by the grouping step.  (Since we do not remove any
	 * existing subplan outputs, not all the output columns may be used
	 * for grouping.)
	 *
	 * Note: the reason we don't remove any subplan outputs is that there are
	 * scenarios where a Var is needed at higher levels even though it is
	 * not one of the nominal outputs of an IN clause.	Consider WHERE x
	 * IN (SELECT y FROM t1,t2 WHERE y = z) Implied equality deduction
	 * will generate an "x = z" clause, which may get used instead of "x =
	 * y" in the upper join step.  Therefore the sub-select had better
	 * deliver both y and z in its targetlist.	It is sufficient to
	 * unique-ify on y, however.
	 *
	 * To find the correct list of values to unique-ify, we look in the
	 * information saved for IN expressions.  If this code is ever used in
	 * other scenarios, some other way of finding what to unique-ify will
	 * be needed.
	 */
	uniq_exprs = NIL;			/* just to keep compiler quiet */
	foreach(l, root->in_info_list)
	{
		InClauseInfo *ininfo = (InClauseInfo *) lfirst(l);

		if (bms_equal(ininfo->righthand, best_path->path.parent->relids))
		{
			uniq_exprs = ininfo->sub_targetlist;
			break;
		}
	}
	if (l == NULL)				/* fell out of loop? */
		elog(ERROR, "could not find UniquePath in in_info_list");

	/* set up to record positions of unique columns */
	numGroupCols = list_length(uniq_exprs);
	groupColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(numGroupCols * sizeof(AttrNumber));
	groupColPos = 0;
	/* not sure if tlist might be shared with other nodes, so copy */
	newtlist = copyObject(subplan->targetlist);
	nextresno = list_length(newtlist) + 1;
	newitems = false;

	foreach(l, uniq_exprs)
	{
		Node	   *uniqexpr = lfirst(l);
		TargetEntry *tle;

		tle = tlist_member(uniqexpr, newtlist);
		if (!tle)
		{
			tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) uniqexpr,
								  nextresno,
								  NULL,
								  false);
			newtlist = lappend(newtlist, tle);
			nextresno++;
			newitems = true;
		}
		groupColIdx[groupColPos++] = tle->resno;
	}

	if (newitems)
	{
		/*
		 * If the top plan node can't do projections, we need to add a
		 * Result node to help it along.
		 */
		if (!is_projection_capable_plan(subplan))
			subplan = (Plan *) make_result(newtlist, NULL, subplan);
		else
			subplan->targetlist = newtlist;
	}

	/* Done if we don't need to do any actual unique-ifying */
	if (best_path->umethod == UNIQUE_PATH_NOOP)
		return subplan;

	if (best_path->umethod == UNIQUE_PATH_HASH)
	{
		long		numGroups;

		numGroups = (long) Min(best_path->rows, (double) LONG_MAX);

		plan = (Plan *) make_agg(root,
								 copyObject(subplan->targetlist),
								 NIL,
								 AGG_HASHED,
								 numGroupCols,
								 groupColIdx,
								 numGroups,
								 0,
								 subplan);
	}
	else
	{
		List	   *sortList = NIL;

		for (groupColPos = 0; groupColPos < numGroupCols; groupColPos++)
		{
			TargetEntry *tle;

			tle = get_tle_by_resno(subplan->targetlist,
								   groupColIdx[groupColPos]);
			Assert(tle != NULL);
			sortList = addTargetToSortList(NULL, tle,
										   sortList, subplan->targetlist,
										   SORTBY_ASC, NIL, false);
		}
		plan = (Plan *) make_sort_from_sortclauses(root, sortList, subplan);
		plan = (Plan *) make_unique(plan, sortList);
	}

	/* Adjust output size estimate (other fields should be OK already) */
	plan->plan_rows = best_path->rows;

	return plan;
}


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *	BASE-RELATION SCAN METHODS
 *
 *****************************************************************************/


/*
 * create_seqscan_plan
 *	 Returns a seqscan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	 with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 */
static SeqScan *
create_seqscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
					List *tlist, List *scan_clauses)
{
	SeqScan    *scan_plan;
	Index		scan_relid = best_path->parent->relid;

	/* it should be a base rel... */
	Assert(scan_relid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->parent->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);

	/* Reduce RestrictInfo list to bare expressions */
	scan_clauses = get_actual_clauses(scan_clauses);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	scan_clauses = order_qual_clauses(root, scan_clauses);

	scan_plan = make_seqscan(tlist,
							 scan_clauses,
							 scan_relid);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->plan, best_path);

	return scan_plan;
}

/*
 * create_indexscan_plan
 *	  Returns an indexscan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	  with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 *
 * The indexquals list of the path contains implicitly-ANDed qual conditions.
 * The list can be empty --- then no index restrictions will be applied during
 * the scan.
 *
 * If nonlossy_clauses isn't NULL, *nonlossy_clauses receives a list of the
 * nonlossy indexquals.
 */
static IndexScan *
create_indexscan_plan(Query *root,
					  IndexPath *best_path,
					  List *tlist,
					  List *scan_clauses,
					  List **nonlossy_clauses)
{
	List	   *indexquals = best_path->indexquals;
	Index		baserelid = best_path->path.parent->relid;
	Oid			indexoid = best_path->indexinfo->indexoid;
	List	   *qpqual;
	List	   *stripped_indexquals;
	List	   *fixed_indexquals;
	List	   *nonlossy_indexquals;
	List	   *indexstrategy;
	List	   *indexsubtype;
	ListCell   *l;
	IndexScan  *scan_plan;

	/* it should be a base rel... */
	Assert(baserelid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->path.parent->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);

	/*
	 * Build "stripped" indexquals structure (no RestrictInfos) to pass to
	 * executor as indexqualorig
	 */
	stripped_indexquals = get_actual_clauses(indexquals);

	/*
	 * The executor needs a copy with the indexkey on the left of each
	 * clause and with index attr numbers substituted for table ones. This
	 * pass also gets strategy info and looks for "lossy" operators.
	 */
	fix_indexqual_references(indexquals, best_path,
							 &fixed_indexquals,
							 &nonlossy_indexquals,
							 &indexstrategy,
							 &indexsubtype);

	/* pass back nonlossy quals if caller wants 'em */
	if (nonlossy_clauses)
		*nonlossy_clauses = nonlossy_indexquals;

	/*
	 * If this is an innerjoin scan, the indexclauses will contain join
	 * clauses that are not present in scan_clauses (since the passed-in
	 * value is just the rel's baserestrictinfo list).  We must add these
	 * clauses to scan_clauses to ensure they get checked.	In most cases
	 * we will remove the join clauses again below, but if a join clause
	 * contains a special operator, we need to make sure it gets into the
	 * scan_clauses.
	 *
	 * Note: pointer comparison should be enough to determine RestrictInfo
	 * matches.
	 */
	if (best_path->isjoininner)
		scan_clauses = list_union_ptr(scan_clauses, best_path->indexclauses);

	/*
	 * The qpqual list must contain all restrictions not automatically
	 * handled by the index.  All the predicates in the indexquals will be
	 * checked (either by the index itself, or by nodeIndexscan.c), but if
	 * there are any "special" operators involved then they must be included
	 * in qpqual.  Also, any lossy index operators must be rechecked in
	 * the qpqual.  The upshot is that qpqual must contain scan_clauses
	 * minus whatever appears in nonlossy_indexquals.
	 *
	 * In normal cases simple pointer equality checks will be enough to
	 * spot duplicate RestrictInfos, so we try that first.  In some situations
	 * (particularly with OR'd index conditions) we may have scan_clauses
	 * that are not equal to, but are logically implied by, the index quals;
	 * so we also try a pred_test() check to see if we can discard quals
	 * that way.
	 *
	 * While at it, we strip off the RestrictInfos to produce a list of
	 * plain expressions.
	 */
	qpqual = NIL;
	foreach(l, scan_clauses)
	{
		RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);

		Assert(IsA(rinfo, RestrictInfo));
		if (list_member_ptr(nonlossy_indexquals, rinfo))
			continue;
		if (pred_test(list_make1(rinfo->clause), nonlossy_indexquals))
			continue;
		qpqual = lappend(qpqual, rinfo->clause);
	}

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	qpqual = order_qual_clauses(root, qpqual);

	/* Finally ready to build the plan node */
	scan_plan = make_indexscan(tlist,
							   qpqual,
							   baserelid,
							   indexoid,
							   fixed_indexquals,
							   stripped_indexquals,
							   indexstrategy,
							   indexsubtype,
							   best_path->indexscandir);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->scan.plan, &best_path->path);
	/* use the indexscan-specific rows estimate, not the parent rel's */
	scan_plan->scan.plan.plan_rows = best_path->rows;

	return scan_plan;
}

/*
 * create_bitmap_scan_plan
 *	  Returns a bitmap scan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	  with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 */
static BitmapHeapScan *
create_bitmap_scan_plan(Query *root,
						BitmapHeapPath *best_path,
						List *tlist,
						List *scan_clauses)
{
	Index		baserelid = best_path->path.parent->relid;
	Plan	   *bitmapqualplan;
	List	   *bitmapqualorig;
	List	   *indexquals;
	List	   *qpqual;
	ListCell   *l;
	BitmapHeapScan *scan_plan;

	/* it should be a base rel... */
	Assert(baserelid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->path.parent->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);

	/* Process the bitmapqual tree into a Plan tree and qual lists */
	bitmapqualplan = create_bitmap_subplan(root, best_path->bitmapqual,
										   &bitmapqualorig, &indexquals);

	/* Reduce RestrictInfo list to bare expressions */
	scan_clauses = get_actual_clauses(scan_clauses);

	/*
	 * If this is a innerjoin scan, the indexclauses will contain join
	 * clauses that are not present in scan_clauses (since the passed-in
	 * value is just the rel's baserestrictinfo list).  We must add these
	 * clauses to scan_clauses to ensure they get checked.	In most cases
	 * we will remove the join clauses again below, but if a join clause
	 * contains a special operator, we need to make sure it gets into the
	 * scan_clauses.
	 */
	if (best_path->isjoininner)
	{
		scan_clauses = list_union(scan_clauses, bitmapqualorig);
	}

	/*
	 * The qpqual list must contain all restrictions not automatically
	 * handled by the index.  All the predicates in the indexquals will be
	 * checked (either by the index itself, or by nodeBitmapHeapscan.c),
	 * but if there are any "special" or lossy operators involved then they
	 * must be added to qpqual.  The upshot is that qpquals must contain
	 * scan_clauses minus whatever appears in indexquals.
	 *
	 * In normal cases simple equal() checks will be enough to spot duplicate
	 * clauses, so we try that first.  In some situations (particularly with
	 * OR'd index conditions) we may have scan_clauses that are not equal to,
	 * but are logically implied by, the index quals; so we also try a
	 * pred_test() check to see if we can discard quals that way.
	 */
	qpqual = NIL;
	foreach(l, scan_clauses)
	{
		Node   *clause = (Node *) lfirst(l);

		if (list_member(indexquals, clause))
			continue;
		if (pred_test(list_make1(clause), indexquals))
			continue;
		qpqual = lappend(qpqual, clause);
	}

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	qpqual = order_qual_clauses(root, qpqual);

	/*
	 * When dealing with special or lossy operators, we will at this point
	 * have duplicate clauses in qpqual and bitmapqualorig.  We may as well
	 * drop 'em from bitmapqualorig, since there's no point in making the
	 * tests twice.
	 */
	bitmapqualorig = list_difference_ptr(bitmapqualorig, qpqual);

	/* Finally ready to build the plan node */
	scan_plan = make_bitmap_heapscan(tlist,
									 qpqual,
									 bitmapqualplan,
									 bitmapqualorig,
									 baserelid);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->scan.plan, &best_path->path);
	/* use the indexscan-specific rows estimate, not the parent rel's */
	scan_plan->scan.plan.plan_rows = best_path->rows;

	return scan_plan;
}

/*
 * Given a bitmapqual tree, generate the Plan tree that implements it
 *
 * As byproducts, we also return in *qual and *indexqual the qual lists
 * (in implicit-AND form, without RestrictInfos) describing the original index
 * conditions and the generated indexqual conditions.  The latter is made to
 * exclude lossy index operators.
 */
static Plan *
create_bitmap_subplan(Query *root, Path *bitmapqual,
					  List **qual, List **indexqual)
{
	Plan	   *plan;

	if (IsA(bitmapqual, BitmapAndPath))
	{
		BitmapAndPath *apath = (BitmapAndPath *) bitmapqual;
		List	   *subplans = NIL;
		List	   *subquals = NIL;
		List	   *subindexquals = NIL;
		ListCell   *l;

		foreach(l, apath->bitmapquals)
		{
			Plan   *subplan;
			List   *subqual;
			List   *subindexqual;

			subplan = create_bitmap_subplan(root, (Path *) lfirst(l),
											&subqual, &subindexqual);
			subplans = lappend(subplans, subplan);
			subquals = list_concat(subquals, subqual);
			subindexquals = list_concat(subindexquals, subindexqual);
		}
		plan = (Plan *) make_bitmap_and(subplans);
		plan->startup_cost = apath->path.startup_cost;
		plan->total_cost = apath->path.total_cost;
		plan->plan_rows =
			clamp_row_est(apath->bitmapselectivity * apath->path.parent->tuples);
		plan->plan_width = 0;	/* meaningless */
		*qual = subquals;
		*indexqual = subindexquals;
	}
	else if (IsA(bitmapqual, BitmapOrPath))
	{
		BitmapOrPath *opath = (BitmapOrPath *) bitmapqual;
		List	   *subplans = NIL;
		List	   *subquals = NIL;
		List	   *subindexquals = NIL;
		ListCell   *l;

		foreach(l, opath->bitmapquals)
		{
			Plan   *subplan;
			List   *subqual;
			List   *subindexqual;

			subplan = create_bitmap_subplan(root, (Path *) lfirst(l),
											&subqual, &subindexqual);
			subplans = lappend(subplans, subplan);
			subquals = lappend(subquals,
							   make_ands_explicit(subqual));
			subindexquals = lappend(subindexquals,
									make_ands_explicit(subindexqual));
		}
		plan = (Plan *) make_bitmap_or(subplans);
		plan->startup_cost = opath->path.startup_cost;
		plan->total_cost = opath->path.total_cost;
		plan->plan_rows =
			clamp_row_est(opath->bitmapselectivity * opath->path.parent->tuples);
		plan->plan_width = 0;	/* meaningless */
		*qual = list_make1(make_orclause(subquals));
		*indexqual = list_make1(make_orclause(subindexquals));
	}
	else if (IsA(bitmapqual, IndexPath))
	{
		IndexPath *ipath = (IndexPath *) bitmapqual;
		IndexScan *iscan;
		List   *nonlossy_clauses;

		/* Use the regular indexscan plan build machinery... */
		iscan = create_indexscan_plan(root, ipath, NIL, NIL,
									  &nonlossy_clauses);
		/* then convert to a bitmap indexscan */
		plan = (Plan *) make_bitmap_indexscan(iscan->scan.scanrelid,
											  iscan->indexid,
											  iscan->indexqual,
											  iscan->indexqualorig,
											  iscan->indexstrategy,
											  iscan->indexsubtype);
		plan->startup_cost = 0.0;
		plan->total_cost = ipath->indextotalcost;
		plan->plan_rows =
			clamp_row_est(ipath->indexselectivity * ipath->path.parent->tuples);
		plan->plan_width = 0;	/* meaningless */
		*qual = get_actual_clauses(ipath->indexclauses);
		*indexqual = get_actual_clauses(nonlossy_clauses);
	}
	else
	{
		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", nodeTag(bitmapqual));
		plan = NULL;			/* keep compiler quiet */
	}

	return plan;
}

/*
 * create_tidscan_plan
 *	 Returns a tidscan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	 with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 */
static TidScan *
create_tidscan_plan(Query *root, TidPath *best_path,
					List *tlist, List *scan_clauses)
{
	TidScan    *scan_plan;
	Index		scan_relid = best_path->path.parent->relid;

	/* it should be a base rel... */
	Assert(scan_relid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->path.parent->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);

	/* Reduce RestrictInfo list to bare expressions */
	scan_clauses = get_actual_clauses(scan_clauses);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	scan_clauses = order_qual_clauses(root, scan_clauses);

	scan_plan = make_tidscan(tlist,
							 scan_clauses,
							 scan_relid,
							 best_path->tideval);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->scan.plan, &best_path->path);

	return scan_plan;
}

/*
 * create_subqueryscan_plan
 *	 Returns a subqueryscan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	 with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 */
static SubqueryScan *
create_subqueryscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
						 List *tlist, List *scan_clauses)
{
	SubqueryScan *scan_plan;
	Index		scan_relid = best_path->parent->relid;

	/* it should be a subquery base rel... */
	Assert(scan_relid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->parent->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);

	/* Reduce RestrictInfo list to bare expressions */
	scan_clauses = get_actual_clauses(scan_clauses);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	scan_clauses = order_qual_clauses(root, scan_clauses);

	scan_plan = make_subqueryscan(tlist,
								  scan_clauses,
								  scan_relid,
								  best_path->parent->subplan);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->scan.plan, best_path);

	return scan_plan;
}

/*
 * create_functionscan_plan
 *	 Returns a functionscan plan for the base relation scanned by 'best_path'
 *	 with restriction clauses 'scan_clauses' and targetlist 'tlist'.
 */
static FunctionScan *
create_functionscan_plan(Query *root, Path *best_path,
						 List *tlist, List *scan_clauses)
{
	FunctionScan *scan_plan;
	Index		scan_relid = best_path->parent->relid;

	/* it should be a function base rel... */
	Assert(scan_relid > 0);
	Assert(best_path->parent->rtekind == RTE_FUNCTION);

	/* Reduce RestrictInfo list to bare expressions */
	scan_clauses = get_actual_clauses(scan_clauses);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	scan_clauses = order_qual_clauses(root, scan_clauses);

	scan_plan = make_functionscan(tlist, scan_clauses, scan_relid);

	copy_path_costsize(&scan_plan->scan.plan, best_path);

	return scan_plan;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *	JOIN METHODS
 *
 *****************************************************************************/

static NestLoop *
create_nestloop_plan(Query *root,
					 NestPath *best_path,
					 Plan *outer_plan,
					 Plan *inner_plan)
{
	List	   *tlist = build_relation_tlist(best_path->path.parent);
	List	   *joinrestrictclauses = best_path->joinrestrictinfo;
	List	   *joinclauses;
	List	   *otherclauses;
	NestLoop   *join_plan;

	if (IsA(best_path->innerjoinpath, IndexPath))
	{
		/*
		 * An index is being used to reduce the number of tuples scanned
		 * in the inner relation.  If there are join clauses being used
		 * with the index, we may remove those join clauses from the list
		 * of clauses that have to be checked as qpquals at the join node.
		 *
		 * We can also remove any join clauses that are redundant with those
		 * being used in the index scan; prior redundancy checks will not
		 * have caught this case because the join clauses would never have
		 * been put in the same joininfo list.
		 *
		 * We can skip this if the index path is an ordinary indexpath and
		 * not a special innerjoin path.
		 */
		IndexPath  *innerpath = (IndexPath *) best_path->innerjoinpath;

		if (innerpath->isjoininner)
		{
			joinrestrictclauses =
				select_nonredundant_join_clauses(root,
												 joinrestrictclauses,
												 innerpath->indexclauses,
												 IS_OUTER_JOIN(best_path->jointype));
		}
	}
	else if (IsA(best_path->innerjoinpath, BitmapHeapPath))
	{
		/*
		 * Same deal for bitmapped index scans.
		 */
		BitmapHeapPath *innerpath = (BitmapHeapPath *) best_path->innerjoinpath;

		if (innerpath->isjoininner)
		{
			List	   *bitmapclauses;

			bitmapclauses =
				make_restrictinfo_from_bitmapqual(innerpath->bitmapqual,
												  true, true);
			joinrestrictclauses =
				select_nonredundant_join_clauses(root,
												 joinrestrictclauses,
												 bitmapclauses,
												 IS_OUTER_JOIN(best_path->jointype));
		}
	}

	/* Get the join qual clauses (in plain expression form) */
	if (IS_OUTER_JOIN(best_path->jointype))
	{
		get_actual_join_clauses(joinrestrictclauses,
								&joinclauses, &otherclauses);
	}
	else
	{
		/* We can treat all clauses alike for an inner join */
		joinclauses = get_actual_clauses(joinrestrictclauses);
		otherclauses = NIL;
	}

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	joinclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, joinclauses);
	otherclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, otherclauses);

	join_plan = make_nestloop(tlist,
							  joinclauses,
							  otherclauses,
							  outer_plan,
							  inner_plan,
							  best_path->jointype);

	copy_path_costsize(&join_plan->join.plan, &best_path->path);

	return join_plan;
}

static MergeJoin *
create_mergejoin_plan(Query *root,
					  MergePath *best_path,
					  Plan *outer_plan,
					  Plan *inner_plan)
{
	List	   *tlist = build_relation_tlist(best_path->jpath.path.parent);
	List	   *joinclauses;
	List	   *otherclauses;
	List	   *mergeclauses;
	MergeJoin  *join_plan;

	/* Get the join qual clauses (in plain expression form) */
	if (IS_OUTER_JOIN(best_path->jpath.jointype))
	{
		get_actual_join_clauses(best_path->jpath.joinrestrictinfo,
								&joinclauses, &otherclauses);
	}
	else
	{
		/* We can treat all clauses alike for an inner join */
		joinclauses = get_actual_clauses(best_path->jpath.joinrestrictinfo);
		otherclauses = NIL;
	}

	/*
	 * Remove the mergeclauses from the list of join qual clauses, leaving
	 * the list of quals that must be checked as qpquals.
	 */
	mergeclauses = get_actual_clauses(best_path->path_mergeclauses);
	joinclauses = list_difference(joinclauses, mergeclauses);

	/*
	 * Rearrange mergeclauses, if needed, so that the outer variable is
	 * always on the left.
	 */
	mergeclauses = get_switched_clauses(best_path->path_mergeclauses,
						 best_path->jpath.outerjoinpath->parent->relids);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	/* NB: do NOT reorder the mergeclauses */
	joinclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, joinclauses);
	otherclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, otherclauses);

	/*
	 * Create explicit sort nodes for the outer and inner join paths if
	 * necessary.  The sort cost was already accounted for in the path.
	 * Make sure there are no excess columns in the inputs if sorting.
	 */
	if (best_path->outersortkeys)
	{
		disuse_physical_tlist(outer_plan, best_path->jpath.outerjoinpath);
		outer_plan = (Plan *)
			make_sort_from_pathkeys(root,
									outer_plan,
									best_path->outersortkeys);
	}

	if (best_path->innersortkeys)
	{
		disuse_physical_tlist(inner_plan, best_path->jpath.innerjoinpath);
		inner_plan = (Plan *)
			make_sort_from_pathkeys(root,
									inner_plan,
									best_path->innersortkeys);
	}

	/*
	 * Now we can build the mergejoin node.
	 */
	join_plan = make_mergejoin(tlist,
							   joinclauses,
							   otherclauses,
							   mergeclauses,
							   outer_plan,
							   inner_plan,
							   best_path->jpath.jointype);

	copy_path_costsize(&join_plan->join.plan, &best_path->jpath.path);

	return join_plan;
}

static HashJoin *
create_hashjoin_plan(Query *root,
					 HashPath *best_path,
					 Plan *outer_plan,
					 Plan *inner_plan)
{
	List	   *tlist = build_relation_tlist(best_path->jpath.path.parent);
	List	   *joinclauses;
	List	   *otherclauses;
	List	   *hashclauses;
	HashJoin   *join_plan;
	Hash	   *hash_plan;

	/* Get the join qual clauses (in plain expression form) */
	if (IS_OUTER_JOIN(best_path->jpath.jointype))
	{
		get_actual_join_clauses(best_path->jpath.joinrestrictinfo,
								&joinclauses, &otherclauses);
	}
	else
	{
		/* We can treat all clauses alike for an inner join */
		joinclauses = get_actual_clauses(best_path->jpath.joinrestrictinfo);
		otherclauses = NIL;
	}

	/*
	 * Remove the hashclauses from the list of join qual clauses, leaving
	 * the list of quals that must be checked as qpquals.
	 */
	hashclauses = get_actual_clauses(best_path->path_hashclauses);
	joinclauses = list_difference(joinclauses, hashclauses);

	/*
	 * Rearrange hashclauses, if needed, so that the outer variable is
	 * always on the left.
	 */
	hashclauses = get_switched_clauses(best_path->path_hashclauses,
						 best_path->jpath.outerjoinpath->parent->relids);

	/* Sort clauses into best execution order */
	joinclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, joinclauses);
	otherclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, otherclauses);
	hashclauses = order_qual_clauses(root, hashclauses);

	/* We don't want any excess columns in the hashed tuples */
	disuse_physical_tlist(inner_plan, best_path->jpath.innerjoinpath);

	/*
	 * Build the hash node and hash join node.
	 */
	hash_plan = make_hash(inner_plan);
	join_plan = make_hashjoin(tlist,
							  joinclauses,
							  otherclauses,
							  hashclauses,
							  outer_plan,
							  (Plan *) hash_plan,
							  best_path->jpath.jointype);

	copy_path_costsize(&join_plan->join.plan, &best_path->jpath.path);

	return join_plan;
}


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *	SUPPORTING ROUTINES
 *
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * fix_indexqual_references
 *	  Adjust indexqual clauses to the form the executor's indexqual
 *	  machinery needs, and check for recheckable (lossy) index conditions.
 *
 * We have five tasks here:
 *	* Remove RestrictInfo nodes from the input clauses.
 *	* Index keys must be represented by Var nodes with varattno set to the
 *	  index's attribute number, not the attribute number in the original rel.
 *	* If the index key is on the right, commute the clause to put it on the
 *	  left.
 *	* We must construct lists of operator strategy numbers and subtypes
 *	  for the top-level operators of each index clause.
 *	* We must detect any lossy index operators.  The API is that we return
 *	  a list of the input clauses whose operators are NOT lossy.
 *
 * fixed_indexquals receives a modified copy of the indexquals list --- the
 * original is not changed.  Note also that the copy shares no substructure
 * with the original; this is needed in case there is a subplan in it (we need
 * two separate copies of the subplan tree, or things will go awry).
 *
 * nonlossy_indexquals receives a list of the original input clauses (with
 * RestrictInfos) that contain non-lossy operators.
 *
 * indexstrategy receives an integer list of strategy numbers.
 * indexsubtype receives an OID list of strategy subtypes.
 */
static void
fix_indexqual_references(List *indexquals, IndexPath *index_path,
						 List **fixed_indexquals,
						 List **nonlossy_indexquals,
						 List **indexstrategy,
						 List **indexsubtype)
{
	IndexOptInfo *index = index_path->indexinfo;
	ListCell   *l;

	*fixed_indexquals = NIL;
	*nonlossy_indexquals = NIL;
	*indexstrategy = NIL;
	*indexsubtype = NIL;

	/*
	 * For each qual clause, commute if needed to put the indexkey operand on
	 * the left, and then fix its varattno.  (We do not need to change the
	 * other side of the clause.)  Then determine the operator's strategy
	 * number and subtype number, and check for lossy index behavior.
	 */
	foreach(l, indexquals)
	{
		RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);
		OpExpr	   *clause;
		OpExpr	   *newclause;
		Oid			opclass;
		int			stratno;
		Oid			stratsubtype;
		bool		recheck;

		Assert(IsA(rinfo, RestrictInfo));
		clause = (OpExpr *) rinfo->clause;
		if (!IsA(clause, OpExpr) ||
			list_length(clause->args) != 2)
			elog(ERROR, "indexqual clause is not binary opclause");

		/*
		 * Make a copy that will become the fixed clause.
		 *
		 * We used to try to do a shallow copy here, but that fails if there
		 * is a subplan in the arguments of the opclause.  So just do a
		 * full copy.
		 */
		newclause = (OpExpr *) copyObject((Node *) clause);

		/*
		 * Check to see if the indexkey is on the right; if so, commute
		 * the clause.	The indexkey should be the side that refers to
		 * (only) the base relation.
		 */
		if (!bms_equal(rinfo->left_relids, index->rel->relids))
			CommuteClause(newclause);

		/*
		 * Now, determine which index attribute this is, change the
		 * indexkey operand as needed, and get the index opclass.
		 */
		linitial(newclause->args) =
			fix_indexqual_operand(linitial(newclause->args),
								  index,
								  &opclass);

		*fixed_indexquals = lappend(*fixed_indexquals, newclause);

		/*
		 * Look up the (possibly commuted) operator in the operator class
		 * to get its strategy numbers and the recheck indicator.  This
		 * also double-checks that we found an operator matching the
		 * index.
		 */
		get_op_opclass_properties(newclause->opno, opclass,
								  &stratno, &stratsubtype, &recheck);

		*indexstrategy = lappend_int(*indexstrategy, stratno);
		*indexsubtype = lappend_oid(*indexsubtype, stratsubtype);

		/* If it's not lossy, add to nonlossy_indexquals */
		if (!recheck)
			*nonlossy_indexquals = lappend(*nonlossy_indexquals, rinfo);
	}
}

static Node *
fix_indexqual_operand(Node *node, IndexOptInfo *index, Oid *opclass)
{
	/*
	 * We represent index keys by Var nodes having the varno of the base
	 * table but varattno equal to the index's attribute number (index
	 * column position).  This is a bit hokey ... would be cleaner to use
	 * a special-purpose node type that could not be mistaken for a
	 * regular Var.  But it will do for now.
	 */
	Var		   *result;
	int			pos;
	ListCell   *indexpr_item;

	/*
	 * Remove any binary-compatible relabeling of the indexkey
	 */
	if (IsA(node, RelabelType))
		node = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) node)->arg;

	if (IsA(node, Var) &&
		((Var *) node)->varno == index->rel->relid)
	{
		/* Try to match against simple index columns */
		int			varatt = ((Var *) node)->varattno;

		if (varatt != 0)
		{
			for (pos = 0; pos < index->ncolumns; pos++)
			{
				if (index->indexkeys[pos] == varatt)
				{
					result = (Var *) copyObject(node);
					result->varattno = pos + 1;
					/* return the correct opclass, too */
					*opclass = index->classlist[pos];
					return (Node *) result;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/* Try to match against index expressions */
	indexpr_item = list_head(index->indexprs);
	for (pos = 0; pos < index->ncolumns; pos++)
	{
		if (index->indexkeys[pos] == 0)
		{
			Node	   *indexkey;

			if (indexpr_item == NULL)
				elog(ERROR, "too few entries in indexprs list");
			indexkey = (Node *) lfirst(indexpr_item);
			if (indexkey && IsA(indexkey, RelabelType))
				indexkey = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) indexkey)->arg;
			if (equal(node, indexkey))
			{
				/* Found a match */
				result = makeVar(index->rel->relid, pos + 1,
								 exprType(lfirst(indexpr_item)), -1,
								 0);
				/* return the correct opclass, too */
				*opclass = index->classlist[pos];
				return (Node *) result;
			}
			indexpr_item = lnext(indexpr_item);
		}
	}

	/* Ooops... */
	elog(ERROR, "node is not an index attribute");
	return NULL;				/* keep compiler quiet */
}

/*
 * get_switched_clauses
 *	  Given a list of merge or hash joinclauses (as RestrictInfo nodes),
 *	  extract the bare clauses, and rearrange the elements within the
 *	  clauses, if needed, so the outer join variable is on the left and
 *	  the inner is on the right.  The original data structure is not touched;
 *	  a modified list is returned.
 */
static List *
get_switched_clauses(List *clauses, Relids outerrelids)
{
	List	   *t_list = NIL;
	ListCell   *l;

	foreach(l, clauses)
	{
		RestrictInfo *restrictinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l);
		OpExpr	   *clause = (OpExpr *) restrictinfo->clause;

		Assert(is_opclause(clause));
		if (bms_is_subset(restrictinfo->right_relids, outerrelids))
		{
			/*
			 * Duplicate just enough of the structure to allow commuting
			 * the clause without changing the original list.  Could use
			 * copyObject, but a complete deep copy is overkill.
			 */
			OpExpr	   *temp = makeNode(OpExpr);

			temp->opno = clause->opno;
			temp->opfuncid = InvalidOid;
			temp->opresulttype = clause->opresulttype;
			temp->opretset = clause->opretset;
			temp->args = list_copy(clause->args);
			/* Commute it --- note this modifies the temp node in-place. */
			CommuteClause(temp);
			t_list = lappend(t_list, temp);
		}
		else
			t_list = lappend(t_list, clause);
	}
	return t_list;
}

/*
 * order_qual_clauses
 *		Given a list of qual clauses that will all be evaluated at the same
 *		plan node, sort the list into the order we want to check the quals
 *		in at runtime.
 *
 * Ideally the order should be driven by a combination of execution cost and
 * selectivity, but unfortunately we have so little information about
 * execution cost of operators that it's really hard to do anything smart.
 * For now, we just move any quals that contain SubPlan references (but not
 * InitPlan references) to the end of the list.
 */
List *
order_qual_clauses(Query *root, List *clauses)
{
	List	   *nosubplans;
	List	   *withsubplans;
	ListCell   *l;

	/* No need to work hard if the query is subselect-free */
	if (!root->hasSubLinks)
		return clauses;

	nosubplans = NIL;
	withsubplans = NIL;
	foreach(l, clauses)
	{
		Node	   *clause = (Node *) lfirst(l);

		if (contain_subplans(clause))
			withsubplans = lappend(withsubplans, clause);
		else
			nosubplans = lappend(nosubplans, clause);
	}

	return list_concat(nosubplans, withsubplans);
}

/*
 * Copy cost and size info from a Path node to the Plan node created from it.
 * The executor won't use this info, but it's needed by EXPLAIN.
 */
static void
copy_path_costsize(Plan *dest, Path *src)
{
	if (src)
	{
		dest->startup_cost = src->startup_cost;
		dest->total_cost = src->total_cost;
		dest->plan_rows = src->parent->rows;
		dest->plan_width = src->parent->width;
	}
	else
	{
		dest->startup_cost = 0;
		dest->total_cost = 0;
		dest->plan_rows = 0;
		dest->plan_width = 0;
	}
}

/*
 * Copy cost and size info from a lower plan node to an inserted node.
 * This is not critical, since the decisions have already been made,
 * but it helps produce more reasonable-looking EXPLAIN output.
 * (Some callers alter the info after copying it.)
 */
static void
copy_plan_costsize(Plan *dest, Plan *src)
{
	if (src)
	{
		dest->startup_cost = src->startup_cost;
		dest->total_cost = src->total_cost;
		dest->plan_rows = src->plan_rows;
		dest->plan_width = src->plan_width;
	}
	else
	{
		dest->startup_cost = 0;
		dest->total_cost = 0;
		dest->plan_rows = 0;
		dest->plan_width = 0;
	}
}


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *	PLAN NODE BUILDING ROUTINES
 *
 * Some of these are exported because they are called to build plan nodes
 * in contexts where we're not deriving the plan node from a path node.
 *
 *****************************************************************************/

static SeqScan *
make_seqscan(List *qptlist,
			 List *qpqual,
			 Index scanrelid)
{
	SeqScan    *node = makeNode(SeqScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scanrelid = scanrelid;

	return node;
}

static IndexScan *
make_indexscan(List *qptlist,
			   List *qpqual,
			   Index scanrelid,
			   Oid indexid,
			   List *indexqual,
			   List *indexqualorig,
			   List *indexstrategy,
			   List *indexsubtype,
			   ScanDirection indexscandir)
{
	IndexScan  *node = makeNode(IndexScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;
	node->indexid = indexid;
	node->indexqual = indexqual;
	node->indexqualorig = indexqualorig;
	node->indexstrategy = indexstrategy;
	node->indexsubtype = indexsubtype;
	node->indexorderdir = indexscandir;

	return node;
}

static BitmapIndexScan *
make_bitmap_indexscan(Index scanrelid,
					  Oid indexid,
					  List *indexqual,
					  List *indexqualorig,
					  List *indexstrategy,
					  List *indexsubtype)
{
	BitmapIndexScan *node = makeNode(BitmapIndexScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = NIL;		/* not used */
	plan->qual = NIL;			/* not used */
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;
	node->indexid = indexid;
	node->indexqual = indexqual;
	node->indexqualorig = indexqualorig;
	node->indexstrategy = indexstrategy;
	node->indexsubtype = indexsubtype;

	return node;
}

static BitmapHeapScan *
make_bitmap_heapscan(List *qptlist,
					 List *qpqual,
					 Plan *lefttree,
					 List *bitmapqualorig,
					 Index scanrelid)
{
	BitmapHeapScan *node = makeNode(BitmapHeapScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;
	node->bitmapqualorig = bitmapqualorig;

	return node;
}

static TidScan *
make_tidscan(List *qptlist,
			 List *qpqual,
			 Index scanrelid,
			 List *tideval)
{
	TidScan    *node = makeNode(TidScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;
	node->tideval = tideval;

	return node;
}

SubqueryScan *
make_subqueryscan(List *qptlist,
				  List *qpqual,
				  Index scanrelid,
				  Plan *subplan)
{
	SubqueryScan *node = makeNode(SubqueryScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/*
	 * Cost is figured here for the convenience of prepunion.c.  Note this
	 * is only correct for the case where qpqual is empty; otherwise
	 * caller should overwrite cost with a better estimate.
	 */
	copy_plan_costsize(plan, subplan);
	plan->total_cost += cpu_tuple_cost * subplan->plan_rows;

	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;
	node->subplan = subplan;

	return node;
}

static FunctionScan *
make_functionscan(List *qptlist,
				  List *qpqual,
				  Index scanrelid)
{
	FunctionScan *node = makeNode(FunctionScan);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->scan.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = qptlist;
	plan->qual = qpqual;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->scan.scanrelid = scanrelid;

	return node;
}

Append *
make_append(List *appendplans, bool isTarget, List *tlist)
{
	Append	   *node = makeNode(Append);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	ListCell   *subnode;

	/*
	 * Compute cost as sum of subplan costs.  We charge nothing extra for
	 * the Append itself, which perhaps is too optimistic, but since it
	 * doesn't do any selection or projection, it is a pretty cheap node.
	 */
	plan->startup_cost = 0;
	plan->total_cost = 0;
	plan->plan_rows = 0;
	plan->plan_width = 0;
	foreach(subnode, appendplans)
	{
		Plan	   *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(subnode);

		if (subnode == list_head(appendplans))	/* first node? */
			plan->startup_cost = subplan->startup_cost;
		plan->total_cost += subplan->total_cost;
		plan->plan_rows += subplan->plan_rows;
		if (plan->plan_width < subplan->plan_width)
			plan->plan_width = subplan->plan_width;
	}

	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->appendplans = appendplans;
	node->isTarget = isTarget;

	return node;
}

static BitmapAnd *
make_bitmap_and(List *bitmapplans)
{
	BitmapAnd  *node = makeNode(BitmapAnd);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = NIL;
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->bitmapplans = bitmapplans;

	return node;
}

static BitmapOr *
make_bitmap_or(List *bitmapplans)
{
	BitmapOr   *node = makeNode(BitmapOr);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = NIL;
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = NULL;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->bitmapplans = bitmapplans;

	return node;
}

static NestLoop *
make_nestloop(List *tlist,
			  List *joinclauses,
			  List *otherclauses,
			  Plan *lefttree,
			  Plan *righttree,
			  JoinType jointype)
{
	NestLoop   *node = makeNode(NestLoop);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->join.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->qual = otherclauses;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = righttree;
	node->join.jointype = jointype;
	node->join.joinqual = joinclauses;

	return node;
}

static HashJoin *
make_hashjoin(List *tlist,
			  List *joinclauses,
			  List *otherclauses,
			  List *hashclauses,
			  Plan *lefttree,
			  Plan *righttree,
			  JoinType jointype)
{
	HashJoin   *node = makeNode(HashJoin);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->join.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->qual = otherclauses;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = righttree;
	node->hashclauses = hashclauses;
	node->join.jointype = jointype;
	node->join.joinqual = joinclauses;

	return node;
}

static Hash *
make_hash(Plan *lefttree)
{
	Hash	   *node = makeNode(Hash);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree);

	/*
	 * For plausibility, make startup & total costs equal total cost of
	 * input plan; this only affects EXPLAIN display not decisions.
	 */
	plan->startup_cost = plan->total_cost;
	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	return node;
}

static MergeJoin *
make_mergejoin(List *tlist,
			   List *joinclauses,
			   List *otherclauses,
			   List *mergeclauses,
			   Plan *lefttree,
			   Plan *righttree,
			   JoinType jointype)
{
	MergeJoin  *node = makeNode(MergeJoin);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->join.plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->qual = otherclauses;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = righttree;
	node->mergeclauses = mergeclauses;
	node->join.jointype = jointype;
	node->join.joinqual = joinclauses;

	return node;
}

/*
 * make_sort --- basic routine to build a Sort plan node
 *
 * Caller must have built the sortColIdx and sortOperators arrays already.
 */
static Sort *
make_sort(Query *root, Plan *lefttree, int numCols,
		  AttrNumber *sortColIdx, Oid *sortOperators)
{
	Sort	   *node = makeNode(Sort);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	Path		sort_path;		/* dummy for result of cost_sort */

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree); /* only care about copying size */
	cost_sort(&sort_path, root, NIL,
			  lefttree->total_cost,
			  lefttree->plan_rows,
			  lefttree->plan_width);
	plan->startup_cost = sort_path.startup_cost;
	plan->total_cost = sort_path.total_cost;
	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->numCols = numCols;
	node->sortColIdx = sortColIdx;
	node->sortOperators = sortOperators;

	return node;
}

/*
 * add_sort_column --- utility subroutine for building sort info arrays
 *
 * We need this routine because the same column might be selected more than
 * once as a sort key column; if so, the extra mentions are redundant.
 *
 * Caller is assumed to have allocated the arrays large enough for the
 * max possible number of columns.	Return value is the new column count.
 */
static int
add_sort_column(AttrNumber colIdx, Oid sortOp,
				int numCols, AttrNumber *sortColIdx, Oid *sortOperators)
{
	int			i;

	for (i = 0; i < numCols; i++)
	{
		if (sortColIdx[i] == colIdx)
		{
			/* Already sorting by this col, so extra sort key is useless */
			return numCols;
		}
	}

	/* Add the column */
	sortColIdx[numCols] = colIdx;
	sortOperators[numCols] = sortOp;
	return numCols + 1;
}

/*
 * make_sort_from_pathkeys
 *	  Create sort plan to sort according to given pathkeys
 *
 *	  'lefttree' is the node which yields input tuples
 *	  'pathkeys' is the list of pathkeys by which the result is to be sorted
 *
 * We must convert the pathkey information into arrays of sort key column
 * numbers and sort operator OIDs.
 *
 * If the pathkeys include expressions that aren't simple Vars, we will
 * usually need to add resjunk items to the input plan's targetlist to
 * compute these expressions (since the Sort node itself won't do it).
 * If the input plan type isn't one that can do projections, this means
 * adding a Result node just to do the projection.
 */
static Sort *
make_sort_from_pathkeys(Query *root, Plan *lefttree, List *pathkeys)
{
	List	   *tlist = lefttree->targetlist;
	ListCell   *i;
	int			numsortkeys;
	AttrNumber *sortColIdx;
	Oid		   *sortOperators;

	/*
	 * We will need at most list_length(pathkeys) sort columns; possibly
	 * less
	 */
	numsortkeys = list_length(pathkeys);
	sortColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(AttrNumber));
	sortOperators = (Oid *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(Oid));

	numsortkeys = 0;

	foreach(i, pathkeys)
	{
		List	   *keysublist = (List *) lfirst(i);
		PathKeyItem *pathkey = NULL;
		TargetEntry *tle = NULL;
		ListCell   *j;

		/*
		 * We can sort by any one of the sort key items listed in this
		 * sublist.  For now, we take the first one that corresponds to an
		 * available Var in the tlist.	If there isn't any, use the first
		 * one that is an expression in the input's vars.
		 *
		 * XXX if we have a choice, is there any way of figuring out which
		 * might be cheapest to execute?  (For example, int4lt is likely
		 * much cheaper to execute than numericlt, but both might appear
		 * in the same pathkey sublist...)	Not clear that we ever will
		 * have a choice in practice, so it may not matter.
		 */
		foreach(j, keysublist)
		{
			pathkey = (PathKeyItem *) lfirst(j);
			Assert(IsA(pathkey, PathKeyItem));
			tle = tlist_member(pathkey->key, tlist);
			if (tle)
				break;
		}
		if (!tle)
		{
			/* No matching Var; look for a computable expression */
			foreach(j, keysublist)
			{
				List	   *exprvars;
				ListCell   *k;

				pathkey = (PathKeyItem *) lfirst(j);
				exprvars = pull_var_clause(pathkey->key, false);
				foreach(k, exprvars)
				{
					if (!tlist_member(lfirst(k), tlist))
						break;
				}
				list_free(exprvars);
				if (!k)
					break;		/* found usable expression */
			}
			if (!j)
				elog(ERROR, "could not find pathkey item to sort");

			/*
			 * Do we need to insert a Result node?
			 */
			if (!is_projection_capable_plan(lefttree))
			{
				tlist = copyObject(tlist);
				lefttree = (Plan *) make_result(tlist, NULL, lefttree);
			}

			/*
			 * Add resjunk entry to input's tlist
			 */
			tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) pathkey->key,
								  list_length(tlist) + 1,
								  NULL,
								  true);
			tlist = lappend(tlist, tle);
			lefttree->targetlist = tlist;		/* just in case NIL before */
		}

		/*
		 * The column might already be selected as a sort key, if the
		 * pathkeys contain duplicate entries.	(This can happen in
		 * scenarios where multiple mergejoinable clauses mention the same
		 * var, for example.)  So enter it only once in the sort arrays.
		 */
		numsortkeys = add_sort_column(tle->resno, pathkey->sortop,
								 numsortkeys, sortColIdx, sortOperators);
	}

	Assert(numsortkeys > 0);

	return make_sort(root, lefttree, numsortkeys,
					 sortColIdx, sortOperators);
}

/*
 * make_sort_from_sortclauses
 *	  Create sort plan to sort according to given sortclauses
 *
 *	  'sortcls' is a list of SortClauses
 *	  'lefttree' is the node which yields input tuples
 */
Sort *
make_sort_from_sortclauses(Query *root, List *sortcls, Plan *lefttree)
{
	List	   *sub_tlist = lefttree->targetlist;
	ListCell   *l;
	int			numsortkeys;
	AttrNumber *sortColIdx;
	Oid		   *sortOperators;

	/*
	 * We will need at most list_length(sortcls) sort columns; possibly
	 * less
	 */
	numsortkeys = list_length(sortcls);
	sortColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(AttrNumber));
	sortOperators = (Oid *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(Oid));

	numsortkeys = 0;

	foreach(l, sortcls)
	{
		SortClause *sortcl = (SortClause *) lfirst(l);
		TargetEntry *tle = get_sortgroupclause_tle(sortcl, sub_tlist);

		/*
		 * Check for the possibility of duplicate order-by clauses --- the
		 * parser should have removed 'em, but no point in sorting
		 * redundantly.
		 */
		numsortkeys = add_sort_column(tle->resno, sortcl->sortop,
								 numsortkeys, sortColIdx, sortOperators);
	}

	Assert(numsortkeys > 0);

	return make_sort(root, lefttree, numsortkeys,
					 sortColIdx, sortOperators);
}

/*
 * make_sort_from_groupcols
 *	  Create sort plan to sort based on grouping columns
 *
 * 'groupcls' is the list of GroupClauses
 * 'grpColIdx' gives the column numbers to use
 *
 * This might look like it could be merged with make_sort_from_sortclauses,
 * but presently we *must* use the grpColIdx[] array to locate sort columns,
 * because the child plan's tlist is not marked with ressortgroupref info
 * appropriate to the grouping node.  So, only the sortop is used from the
 * GroupClause entries.
 */
Sort *
make_sort_from_groupcols(Query *root,
						 List *groupcls,
						 AttrNumber *grpColIdx,
						 Plan *lefttree)
{
	List	   *sub_tlist = lefttree->targetlist;
	int			grpno = 0;
	ListCell   *l;
	int			numsortkeys;
	AttrNumber *sortColIdx;
	Oid		   *sortOperators;

	/*
	 * We will need at most list_length(groupcls) sort columns; possibly
	 * less
	 */
	numsortkeys = list_length(groupcls);
	sortColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(AttrNumber));
	sortOperators = (Oid *) palloc(numsortkeys * sizeof(Oid));

	numsortkeys = 0;

	foreach(l, groupcls)
	{
		GroupClause *grpcl = (GroupClause *) lfirst(l);
		TargetEntry *tle = get_tle_by_resno(sub_tlist, grpColIdx[grpno]);

		/*
		 * Check for the possibility of duplicate group-by clauses --- the
		 * parser should have removed 'em, but no point in sorting
		 * redundantly.
		 */
		numsortkeys = add_sort_column(tle->resno, grpcl->sortop,
								 numsortkeys, sortColIdx, sortOperators);
		grpno++;
	}

	Assert(numsortkeys > 0);

	return make_sort(root, lefttree, numsortkeys,
					 sortColIdx, sortOperators);
}

Material *
make_material(Plan *lefttree)
{
	Material   *node = makeNode(Material);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	/* cost should be inserted by caller */
	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	return node;
}

/*
 * materialize_finished_plan: stick a Material node atop a completed plan
 *
 * There are a couple of places where we want to attach a Material node
 * after completion of subquery_planner().	This currently requires hackery.
 * Since subquery_planner has already run SS_finalize_plan on the subplan
 * tree, we have to kluge up parameter lists for the Material node.
 * Possibly this could be fixed by postponing SS_finalize_plan processing
 * until setrefs.c is run?
 */
Plan *
materialize_finished_plan(Plan *subplan)
{
	Plan	   *matplan;
	Path		matpath;		/* dummy for result of cost_material */

	matplan = (Plan *) make_material(subplan);

	/* Set cost data */
	cost_material(&matpath,
				  subplan->total_cost,
				  subplan->plan_rows,
				  subplan->plan_width);
	matplan->startup_cost = matpath.startup_cost;
	matplan->total_cost = matpath.total_cost;
	matplan->plan_rows = subplan->plan_rows;
	matplan->plan_width = subplan->plan_width;

	/* parameter kluge --- see comments above */
	matplan->extParam = bms_copy(subplan->extParam);
	matplan->allParam = bms_copy(subplan->allParam);

	return matplan;
}

Agg *
make_agg(Query *root, List *tlist, List *qual,
		 AggStrategy aggstrategy,
		 int numGroupCols, AttrNumber *grpColIdx,
		 long numGroups, int numAggs,
		 Plan *lefttree)
{
	Agg		   *node = makeNode(Agg);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	Path		agg_path;		/* dummy for result of cost_agg */
	QualCost	qual_cost;

	node->aggstrategy = aggstrategy;
	node->numCols = numGroupCols;
	node->grpColIdx = grpColIdx;
	node->numGroups = numGroups;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree); /* only care about copying size */
	cost_agg(&agg_path, root,
			 aggstrategy, numAggs,
			 numGroupCols, numGroups,
			 lefttree->startup_cost,
			 lefttree->total_cost,
			 lefttree->plan_rows);
	plan->startup_cost = agg_path.startup_cost;
	plan->total_cost = agg_path.total_cost;

	/*
	 * We will produce a single output tuple if not grouping, and a tuple
	 * per group otherwise.
	 */
	if (aggstrategy == AGG_PLAIN)
		plan->plan_rows = 1;
	else
		plan->plan_rows = numGroups;

	/*
	 * We also need to account for the cost of evaluation of the qual (ie,
	 * the HAVING clause) and the tlist.  Note that cost_qual_eval doesn't
	 * charge anything for Aggref nodes; this is okay since they are
	 * really comparable to Vars.
	 *
	 * See notes in grouping_planner about why this routine and make_group
	 * are the only ones in this file that worry about tlist eval cost.
	 */
	if (qual)
	{
		cost_qual_eval(&qual_cost, qual);
		plan->startup_cost += qual_cost.startup;
		plan->total_cost += qual_cost.startup;
		plan->total_cost += qual_cost.per_tuple * plan->plan_rows;
	}
	cost_qual_eval(&qual_cost, tlist);
	plan->startup_cost += qual_cost.startup;
	plan->total_cost += qual_cost.startup;
	plan->total_cost += qual_cost.per_tuple * plan->plan_rows;

	plan->qual = qual;
	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	return node;
}

Group *
make_group(Query *root,
		   List *tlist,
		   List *qual,
		   int numGroupCols,
		   AttrNumber *grpColIdx,
		   double numGroups,
		   Plan *lefttree)
{
	Group	   *node = makeNode(Group);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	Path		group_path;		/* dummy for result of cost_group */
	QualCost	qual_cost;

	node->numCols = numGroupCols;
	node->grpColIdx = grpColIdx;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree); /* only care about copying size */
	cost_group(&group_path, root,
			   numGroupCols, numGroups,
			   lefttree->startup_cost,
			   lefttree->total_cost,
			   lefttree->plan_rows);
	plan->startup_cost = group_path.startup_cost;
	plan->total_cost = group_path.total_cost;

	/* One output tuple per estimated result group */
	plan->plan_rows = numGroups;

	/*
	 * We also need to account for the cost of evaluation of the qual (ie,
	 * the HAVING clause) and the tlist.
	 *
	 * XXX this double-counts the cost of evaluation of any expressions used
	 * for grouping, since in reality those will have been evaluated at a
	 * lower plan level and will only be copied by the Group node. Worth
	 * fixing?
	 *
	 * See notes in grouping_planner about why this routine and make_agg are
	 * the only ones in this file that worry about tlist eval cost.
	 */
	if (qual)
	{
		cost_qual_eval(&qual_cost, qual);
		plan->startup_cost += qual_cost.startup;
		plan->total_cost += qual_cost.startup;
		plan->total_cost += qual_cost.per_tuple * plan->plan_rows;
	}
	cost_qual_eval(&qual_cost, tlist);
	plan->startup_cost += qual_cost.startup;
	plan->total_cost += qual_cost.startup;
	plan->total_cost += qual_cost.per_tuple * plan->plan_rows;

	plan->qual = qual;
	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	return node;
}

/*
 * distinctList is a list of SortClauses, identifying the targetlist items
 * that should be considered by the Unique filter.
 */
Unique *
make_unique(Plan *lefttree, List *distinctList)
{
	Unique	   *node = makeNode(Unique);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	int			numCols = list_length(distinctList);
	int			keyno = 0;
	AttrNumber *uniqColIdx;
	ListCell   *slitem;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree);

	/*
	 * Charge one cpu_operator_cost per comparison per input tuple. We
	 * assume all columns get compared at most of the tuples.  (XXX
	 * probably this is an overestimate.)
	 */
	plan->total_cost += cpu_operator_cost * plan->plan_rows * numCols;

	/*
	 * plan->plan_rows is left as a copy of the input subplan's plan_rows;
	 * ie, we assume the filter removes nothing.  The caller must alter
	 * this if he has a better idea.
	 */

	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	/*
	 * convert SortClause list into array of attr indexes, as wanted by
	 * exec
	 */
	Assert(numCols > 0);
	uniqColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(sizeof(AttrNumber) * numCols);

	foreach(slitem, distinctList)
	{
		SortClause *sortcl = (SortClause *) lfirst(slitem);
		TargetEntry *tle = get_sortgroupclause_tle(sortcl, plan->targetlist);

		uniqColIdx[keyno++] = tle->resno;
	}

	node->numCols = numCols;
	node->uniqColIdx = uniqColIdx;

	return node;
}

/*
 * distinctList is a list of SortClauses, identifying the targetlist items
 * that should be considered by the SetOp filter.
 */

SetOp *
make_setop(SetOpCmd cmd, Plan *lefttree,
		   List *distinctList, AttrNumber flagColIdx)
{
	SetOp	   *node = makeNode(SetOp);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;
	int			numCols = list_length(distinctList);
	int			keyno = 0;
	AttrNumber *dupColIdx;
	ListCell   *slitem;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree);

	/*
	 * Charge one cpu_operator_cost per comparison per input tuple. We
	 * assume all columns get compared at most of the tuples.
	 */
	plan->total_cost += cpu_operator_cost * plan->plan_rows * numCols;

	/*
	 * We make the unsupported assumption that there will be 10% as many
	 * tuples out as in.  Any way to do better?
	 */
	plan->plan_rows *= 0.1;
	if (plan->plan_rows < 1)
		plan->plan_rows = 1;

	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	/*
	 * convert SortClause list into array of attr indexes, as wanted by
	 * exec
	 */
	Assert(numCols > 0);
	dupColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(sizeof(AttrNumber) * numCols);

	foreach(slitem, distinctList)
	{
		SortClause *sortcl = (SortClause *) lfirst(slitem);
		TargetEntry *tle = get_sortgroupclause_tle(sortcl, plan->targetlist);

		dupColIdx[keyno++] = tle->resno;
	}

	node->cmd = cmd;
	node->numCols = numCols;
	node->dupColIdx = dupColIdx;
	node->flagColIdx = flagColIdx;

	return node;
}

Limit *
make_limit(Plan *lefttree, Node *limitOffset, Node *limitCount)
{
	Limit	   *node = makeNode(Limit);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	copy_plan_costsize(plan, lefttree);

	/*
	 * If offset/count are constants, adjust the output rows count and
	 * costs accordingly.  This is only a cosmetic issue if we are at top
	 * level, but if we are building a subquery then it's important to
	 * report correct info to the outer planner.
	 */
	if (limitOffset && IsA(limitOffset, Const))
	{
		Const	   *limito = (Const *) limitOffset;
		int32		offset = DatumGetInt32(limito->constvalue);

		if (!limito->constisnull && offset > 0)
		{
			if (offset > plan->plan_rows)
				offset = (int32) plan->plan_rows;
			if (plan->plan_rows > 0)
				plan->startup_cost +=
					(plan->total_cost - plan->startup_cost)
					* ((double) offset) / plan->plan_rows;
			plan->plan_rows -= offset;
			if (plan->plan_rows < 1)
				plan->plan_rows = 1;
		}
	}
	if (limitCount && IsA(limitCount, Const))
	{
		Const	   *limitc = (Const *) limitCount;
		int32		count = DatumGetInt32(limitc->constvalue);

		if (!limitc->constisnull && count >= 0)
		{
			if (count > plan->plan_rows)
				count = (int32) plan->plan_rows;
			if (plan->plan_rows > 0)
				plan->total_cost = plan->startup_cost +
					(plan->total_cost - plan->startup_cost)
					* ((double) count) / plan->plan_rows;
			plan->plan_rows = count;
			if (plan->plan_rows < 1)
				plan->plan_rows = 1;
		}
	}

	plan->targetlist = copyObject(lefttree->targetlist);
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = lefttree;
	plan->righttree = NULL;

	node->limitOffset = limitOffset;
	node->limitCount = limitCount;

	return node;
}

Result *
make_result(List *tlist,
			Node *resconstantqual,
			Plan *subplan)
{
	Result	   *node = makeNode(Result);
	Plan	   *plan = &node->plan;

	if (subplan)
		copy_plan_costsize(plan, subplan);
	else
	{
		plan->startup_cost = 0;
		plan->total_cost = cpu_tuple_cost;
		plan->plan_rows = 1;	/* wrong if we have a set-valued function? */
		plan->plan_width = 0;	/* XXX try to be smarter? */
	}

	if (resconstantqual)
	{
		QualCost	qual_cost;

		cost_qual_eval(&qual_cost, (List *) resconstantqual);
		/* resconstantqual is evaluated once at startup */
		plan->startup_cost += qual_cost.startup + qual_cost.per_tuple;
		plan->total_cost += qual_cost.startup + qual_cost.per_tuple;
	}

	plan->targetlist = tlist;
	plan->qual = NIL;
	plan->lefttree = subplan;
	plan->righttree = NULL;
	node->resconstantqual = resconstantqual;

	return node;
}

/*
 * is_projection_capable_plan
 *		Check whether a given Plan node is able to do projection.
 */
bool
is_projection_capable_plan(Plan *plan)
{
	/* Most plan types can project, so just list the ones that can't */
	switch (nodeTag(plan))
	{
		case T_Hash:
		case T_Material:
		case T_Sort:
		case T_Unique:
		case T_SetOp:
		case T_Limit:
		case T_Append:
			return false;
		default:
			break;
	}
	return true;
}