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VACUUM has never needed to call ambulkdelete() for each index in cases where there are precisely zero TIDs in its dead_tuples array by the end of its first pass over the heap (also its only pass over the heap in this scenario). Index vacuuming is simply not required when this happens. Index cleanup will still go ahead, but in practice most calls to amvacuumcleanup() are usually no-ops when there were zero preceding ambulkdelete() calls. In short, VACUUM has generally managed to avoid index scans when there were clearly no index tuples to delete from indexes. But cases with _close to_ no index tuples to delete were another matter -- a round of ambulkdelete() calls took place (one per index), each of which performed a full index scan. VACUUM now behaves just as if there were zero index tuples to delete in cases where there are in fact "virtually zero" such tuples. That is, it can now bypass index vacuuming and heap vacuuming as an optimization (though not index cleanup). Whether or not VACUUM bypasses indexes is determined dynamically, based on the just-observed number of heap pages in the table that have one or more LP_DEAD items (LP_DEAD items in heap pages have a 1:1 correspondence with index tuples that still need to be deleted from each index in the worst case). We only skip index vacuuming when 2% or less of the table's pages have one or more LP_DEAD items -- bypassing index vacuuming as an optimization must not noticeably impede setting bits in the visibility map. As a further condition, the dead_tuples array (i.e. VACUUM's array of LP_DEAD item TIDs) must not exceed 32MB at the point that the first pass over the heap finishes, which is also when the decision to bypass is made. (The VACUUM must also have been able to fit all TIDs in its maintenance_work_mem-bound dead_tuples space, though with a default maintenance_work_mem setting it can't matter.) This avoids surprising jumps in the duration and overhead of routine vacuuming with workloads where successive VACUUM operations consistently have almost zero dead index tuples. The number of LP_DEAD items may well accumulate over multiple VACUUM operations, before finally the threshold is crossed and VACUUM performs conventional index vacuuming. Even then, the optimization will have avoided a great deal of largely unnecessary index vacuuming. In the future we may teach VACUUM to skip index vacuuming on a per-index basis, using a much more sophisticated approach. For now we only consider the extreme cases, where we can be quite confident that index vacuuming just isn't worth it using simple heuristics. Also log information about how many heap pages have one or more LP_DEAD items when autovacuum logging is enabled. Author: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com> Author: Peter Geoghegan <pg@bowt.ie> Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoD0SkE11fMw4jD4RENAwBMcw1wasVnwpJVw3tVqPOQgAw@mail.gmail.com Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzmkebqPd4MVGuPTOS9bMFvp9MDs5cRTCOsv1rQJ3jCbXw@mail.gmail.com
PostgreSQL Database Management System ===================================== This directory contains the source code distribution of the PostgreSQL database management system. PostgreSQL is an advanced object-relational database management system that supports an extended subset of the SQL standard, including transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types and functions. This distribution also contains C language bindings. PostgreSQL has many language interfaces, many of which are listed here: https://www.postgresql.org/download/ See the file INSTALL for instructions on how to build and install PostgreSQL. That file also lists supported operating systems and hardware platforms and contains information regarding any other software packages that are required to build or run the PostgreSQL system. Copyright and license information can be found in the file COPYRIGHT. A comprehensive documentation set is included in this distribution; it can be read as described in the installation instructions. The latest version of this software may be obtained at https://www.postgresql.org/download/. For more information look at our web site located at https://www.postgresql.org/.