Peter Geoghegan 1de58df4fe Add page-level freezing to VACUUM.
Teach VACUUM to decide on whether or not to trigger freezing at the
level of whole heap pages.  Individual XIDs and MXIDs fields from tuple
headers now trigger freezing of whole pages, rather than independently
triggering freezing of each individual tuple header field.

Managing the cost of freezing over time now significantly influences
when and how VACUUM freezes.  The overall amount of WAL written is the
single most important freezing related cost, in general.  Freezing each
page's tuples together in batch allows VACUUM to take full advantage of
the freeze plan WAL deduplication optimization added by commit 9e540599.

Also teach VACUUM to trigger page-level freezing whenever it detects
that heap pruning generated an FPI.  We'll have already written a large
amount of WAL just to do that much, so it's very likely a good idea to
get freezing out of the way for the page early.  This only happens in
cases where it will directly lead to marking the page all-frozen in the
visibility map.

In most cases "freezing a page" removes all XIDs < OldestXmin, and all
MXIDs < OldestMxact.  It doesn't quite work that way in certain rare
cases involving MultiXacts, though.  It is convenient to define "freeze
the page" in a way that gives FreezeMultiXactId the leeway to put off
the work of processing an individual tuple's xmax whenever it happens to
be a MultiXactId that would require an expensive second pass to process
aggressively (allocating a new multi is especially worth avoiding here).
FreezeMultiXactId is eager when processing is cheap (as it usually is),
and lazy in the event of an individual multi that happens to require
expensive second pass processing.  This avoids regressions related to
processing of multis that page-level freezing might otherwise cause.

Author: Peter Geoghegan <pg@bowt.ie>
Reviewed-By: Jeff Davis <pgsql@j-davis.com>
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkFok_6EAHuK39GaW4FjEFQsY=3J0AAd6FXk93u-Xq3Fg@mail.gmail.com
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PostgreSQL Database Management System
=====================================

This directory contains the source code distribution of the PostgreSQL
database management system.

PostgreSQL is an advanced object-relational database management system
that supports an extended subset of the SQL standard, including
transactions, foreign keys, subqueries, triggers, user-defined types
and functions.  This distribution also contains C language bindings.

PostgreSQL has many language interfaces, many of which are listed here:

	https://www.postgresql.org/download/

See the file INSTALL for instructions on how to build and install
PostgreSQL.  That file also lists supported operating systems and
hardware platforms and contains information regarding any other
software packages that are required to build or run the PostgreSQL
system.  Copyright and license information can be found in the
file COPYRIGHT.  A comprehensive documentation set is included in this
distribution; it can be read as described in the installation
instructions.

The latest version of this software may be obtained at
https://www.postgresql.org/download/.  For more information look at our
web site located at https://www.postgresql.org/.
Description
he World's Most Advanced Open Source Relational Database.
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