PostgreSQL/src/backend/executor/execReplication.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * execReplication.c
 *	  miscellaneous executor routines for logical replication
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/executor/execReplication.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/relscan.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "executor/nodeModifyTable.h"
#include "replication/logicalrelation.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"


static bool tuples_equal(TupleTableSlot *slot1, TupleTableSlot *slot2,
						 TypeCacheEntry **eq);

/*
 * Returns the fixed strategy number, if any, of the equality operator for the
 * given index access method, otherwise, InvalidStrategy.
 *
 * Currently, only Btree and Hash indexes are supported. The other index access
 * methods don't have a fixed strategy for equality operation - instead, the
 * support routines of each operator class interpret the strategy numbers
 * according to the operator class's definition.
 */
StrategyNumber
get_equal_strategy_number_for_am(Oid am)
{
	int			ret;

	switch (am)
	{
		case BTREE_AM_OID:
			ret = BTEqualStrategyNumber;
			break;
		case HASH_AM_OID:
			ret = HTEqualStrategyNumber;
			break;
		default:
			/* XXX: Only Btree and Hash indexes are supported */
			ret = InvalidStrategy;
			break;
	}

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Return the appropriate strategy number which corresponds to the equality
 * operator.
 */
static StrategyNumber
get_equal_strategy_number(Oid opclass)
{
	Oid			am = get_opclass_method(opclass);

	return get_equal_strategy_number_for_am(am);
}

/*
 * Setup a ScanKey for a search in the relation 'rel' for a tuple 'key' that
 * is setup to match 'rel' (*NOT* idxrel!).
 *
 * Returns how many columns to use for the index scan.
 *
 * This is not generic routine, idxrel must be PK, RI, or an index that can be
 * used for REPLICA IDENTITY FULL table. See FindUsableIndexForReplicaIdentityFull()
 * for details.
 *
 * By definition, replication identity of a rel meets all limitations associated
 * with that. Note that any other index could also meet these limitations.
 */
static int
build_replindex_scan_key(ScanKey skey, Relation rel, Relation idxrel,
						 TupleTableSlot *searchslot)
{
	int			index_attoff;
	int			skey_attoff = 0;
	Datum		indclassDatum;
	oidvector  *opclass;
	int2vector *indkey = &idxrel->rd_index->indkey;

	indclassDatum = SysCacheGetAttrNotNull(INDEXRELID, idxrel->rd_indextuple,
										   Anum_pg_index_indclass);
	opclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(indclassDatum);

	/* Build scankey for every non-expression attribute in the index. */
	for (index_attoff = 0; index_attoff < IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(idxrel);
		 index_attoff++)
	{
		Oid			operator;
		Oid			optype;
		Oid			opfamily;
		RegProcedure regop;
		int			table_attno = indkey->values[index_attoff];
		StrategyNumber eq_strategy;

		if (!AttributeNumberIsValid(table_attno))
		{
			/*
			 * XXX: Currently, we don't support expressions in the scan key,
			 * see code below.
			 */
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Load the operator info.  We need this to get the equality operator
		 * function for the scan key.
		 */
		optype = get_opclass_input_type(opclass->values[index_attoff]);
		opfamily = get_opclass_family(opclass->values[index_attoff]);
		eq_strategy = get_equal_strategy_number(opclass->values[index_attoff]);

		operator = get_opfamily_member(opfamily, optype,
									   optype,
									   eq_strategy);

		if (!OidIsValid(operator))
			elog(ERROR, "missing operator %d(%u,%u) in opfamily %u",
				 eq_strategy, optype, optype, opfamily);

		regop = get_opcode(operator);

		/* Initialize the scankey. */
		ScanKeyInit(&skey[skey_attoff],
					index_attoff + 1,
					eq_strategy,
					regop,
					searchslot->tts_values[table_attno - 1]);

		skey[skey_attoff].sk_collation = idxrel->rd_indcollation[index_attoff];

		/* Check for null value. */
		if (searchslot->tts_isnull[table_attno - 1])
			skey[skey_attoff].sk_flags |= (SK_ISNULL | SK_SEARCHNULL);

		skey_attoff++;
	}

	/* There must always be at least one attribute for the index scan. */
	Assert(skey_attoff > 0);

	return skey_attoff;
}

/*
 * Search the relation 'rel' for tuple using the index.
 *
 * If a matching tuple is found, lock it with lockmode, fill the slot with its
 * contents, and return true.  Return false otherwise.
 */
bool
RelationFindReplTupleByIndex(Relation rel, Oid idxoid,
							 LockTupleMode lockmode,
							 TupleTableSlot *searchslot,
							 TupleTableSlot *outslot)
{
	ScanKeyData skey[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
	int			skey_attoff;
	IndexScanDesc scan;
	SnapshotData snap;
	TransactionId xwait;
	Relation	idxrel;
	bool		found;
	TypeCacheEntry **eq = NULL;
	bool		isIdxSafeToSkipDuplicates;

	/* Open the index. */
	idxrel = index_open(idxoid, RowExclusiveLock);

	isIdxSafeToSkipDuplicates = (GetRelationIdentityOrPK(rel) == idxoid);

	InitDirtySnapshot(snap);

	/* Build scan key. */
	skey_attoff = build_replindex_scan_key(skey, rel, idxrel, searchslot);

	/* Start an index scan. */
	scan = index_beginscan(rel, idxrel, &snap, skey_attoff, 0);

retry:
	found = false;

	index_rescan(scan, skey, skey_attoff, NULL, 0);

	/* Try to find the tuple */
	while (index_getnext_slot(scan, ForwardScanDirection, outslot))
	{
		/*
		 * Avoid expensive equality check if the index is primary key or
		 * replica identity index.
		 */
		if (!isIdxSafeToSkipDuplicates)
		{
			if (eq == NULL)
				eq = palloc0(sizeof(*eq) * outslot->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts);

			if (!tuples_equal(outslot, searchslot, eq))
				continue;
		}

		ExecMaterializeSlot(outslot);

		xwait = TransactionIdIsValid(snap.xmin) ?
			snap.xmin : snap.xmax;

		/*
		 * If the tuple is locked, wait for locking transaction to finish and
		 * retry.
		 */
		if (TransactionIdIsValid(xwait))
		{
			XactLockTableWait(xwait, NULL, NULL, XLTW_None);
			goto retry;
		}

		/* Found our tuple and it's not locked */
		found = true;
		break;
	}

	/* Found tuple, try to lock it in the lockmode. */
	if (found)
	{
		TM_FailureData tmfd;
		TM_Result	res;

		PushActiveSnapshot(GetLatestSnapshot());

		res = table_tuple_lock(rel, &(outslot->tts_tid), GetLatestSnapshot(),
							   outslot,
							   GetCurrentCommandId(false),
							   lockmode,
							   LockWaitBlock,
							   0 /* don't follow updates */ ,
							   &tmfd);

		PopActiveSnapshot();

		switch (res)
		{
			case TM_Ok:
				break;
			case TM_Updated:
				/* XXX: Improve handling here */
				if (ItemPointerIndicatesMovedPartitions(&tmfd.ctid))
					ereport(LOG,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
							 errmsg("tuple to be locked was already moved to another partition due to concurrent update, retrying")));
				else
					ereport(LOG,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
							 errmsg("concurrent update, retrying")));
				goto retry;
			case TM_Deleted:
				/* XXX: Improve handling here */
				ereport(LOG,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
						 errmsg("concurrent delete, retrying")));
				goto retry;
			case TM_Invisible:
				elog(ERROR, "attempted to lock invisible tuple");
				break;
			default:
				elog(ERROR, "unexpected table_tuple_lock status: %u", res);
				break;
		}
	}

	index_endscan(scan);

	/* Don't release lock until commit. */
	index_close(idxrel, NoLock);

	return found;
}

/*
 * Compare the tuples in the slots by checking if they have equal values.
 */
static bool
tuples_equal(TupleTableSlot *slot1, TupleTableSlot *slot2,
			 TypeCacheEntry **eq)
{
	int			attrnum;

	Assert(slot1->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts ==
		   slot2->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts);

	slot_getallattrs(slot1);
	slot_getallattrs(slot2);

	/* Check equality of the attributes. */
	for (attrnum = 0; attrnum < slot1->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts; attrnum++)
	{
		Form_pg_attribute att;
		TypeCacheEntry *typentry;

		att = TupleDescAttr(slot1->tts_tupleDescriptor, attrnum);

		/*
		 * Ignore dropped and generated columns as the publisher doesn't send
		 * those
		 */
		if (att->attisdropped || att->attgenerated)
			continue;

		/*
		 * If one value is NULL and other is not, then they are certainly not
		 * equal
		 */
		if (slot1->tts_isnull[attrnum] != slot2->tts_isnull[attrnum])
			return false;

		/*
		 * If both are NULL, they can be considered equal.
		 */
		if (slot1->tts_isnull[attrnum] || slot2->tts_isnull[attrnum])
			continue;

		typentry = eq[attrnum];
		if (typentry == NULL)
		{
			typentry = lookup_type_cache(att->atttypid,
										 TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR_FINFO);
			if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr_finfo.fn_oid))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
						 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
								format_type_be(att->atttypid))));
			eq[attrnum] = typentry;
		}

		if (!DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&typentry->eq_opr_finfo,
											att->attcollation,
											slot1->tts_values[attrnum],
											slot2->tts_values[attrnum])))
			return false;
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 * Search the relation 'rel' for tuple using the sequential scan.
 *
 * If a matching tuple is found, lock it with lockmode, fill the slot with its
 * contents, and return true.  Return false otherwise.
 *
 * Note that this stops on the first matching tuple.
 *
 * This can obviously be quite slow on tables that have more than few rows.
 */
bool
RelationFindReplTupleSeq(Relation rel, LockTupleMode lockmode,
						 TupleTableSlot *searchslot, TupleTableSlot *outslot)
{
	TupleTableSlot *scanslot;
	TableScanDesc scan;
	SnapshotData snap;
	TypeCacheEntry **eq;
	TransactionId xwait;
	bool		found;
	TupleDesc	desc PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = RelationGetDescr(rel);

	Assert(equalTupleDescs(desc, outslot->tts_tupleDescriptor));

	eq = palloc0(sizeof(*eq) * outslot->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts);

	/* Start a heap scan. */
	InitDirtySnapshot(snap);
	scan = table_beginscan(rel, &snap, 0, NULL);
	scanslot = table_slot_create(rel, NULL);

retry:
	found = false;

	table_rescan(scan, NULL);

	/* Try to find the tuple */
	while (table_scan_getnextslot(scan, ForwardScanDirection, scanslot))
	{
		if (!tuples_equal(scanslot, searchslot, eq))
			continue;

		found = true;
		ExecCopySlot(outslot, scanslot);

		xwait = TransactionIdIsValid(snap.xmin) ?
			snap.xmin : snap.xmax;

		/*
		 * If the tuple is locked, wait for locking transaction to finish and
		 * retry.
		 */
		if (TransactionIdIsValid(xwait))
		{
			XactLockTableWait(xwait, NULL, NULL, XLTW_None);
			goto retry;
		}

		/* Found our tuple and it's not locked */
		break;
	}

	/* Found tuple, try to lock it in the lockmode. */
	if (found)
	{
		TM_FailureData tmfd;
		TM_Result	res;

		PushActiveSnapshot(GetLatestSnapshot());

		res = table_tuple_lock(rel, &(outslot->tts_tid), GetLatestSnapshot(),
							   outslot,
							   GetCurrentCommandId(false),
							   lockmode,
							   LockWaitBlock,
							   0 /* don't follow updates */ ,
							   &tmfd);

		PopActiveSnapshot();

		switch (res)
		{
			case TM_Ok:
				break;
			case TM_Updated:
				/* XXX: Improve handling here */
				if (ItemPointerIndicatesMovedPartitions(&tmfd.ctid))
					ereport(LOG,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
							 errmsg("tuple to be locked was already moved to another partition due to concurrent update, retrying")));
				else
					ereport(LOG,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
							 errmsg("concurrent update, retrying")));
				goto retry;
			case TM_Deleted:
				/* XXX: Improve handling here */
				ereport(LOG,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
						 errmsg("concurrent delete, retrying")));
				goto retry;
			case TM_Invisible:
				elog(ERROR, "attempted to lock invisible tuple");
				break;
			default:
				elog(ERROR, "unexpected table_tuple_lock status: %u", res);
				break;
		}
	}

	table_endscan(scan);
	ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(scanslot);

	return found;
}

/*
 * Insert tuple represented in the slot to the relation, update the indexes,
 * and execute any constraints and per-row triggers.
 *
 * Caller is responsible for opening the indexes.
 */
void
ExecSimpleRelationInsert(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
						 EState *estate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
	bool		skip_tuple = false;
	Relation	rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;

	/* For now we support only tables. */
	Assert(rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION);

	CheckCmdReplicaIdentity(rel, CMD_INSERT);

	/* BEFORE ROW INSERT Triggers */
	if (resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc &&
		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc->trig_insert_before_row)
	{
		if (!ExecBRInsertTriggers(estate, resultRelInfo, slot))
			skip_tuple = true;	/* "do nothing" */
	}

	if (!skip_tuple)
	{
		List	   *recheckIndexes = NIL;

		/* Compute stored generated columns */
		if (rel->rd_att->constr &&
			rel->rd_att->constr->has_generated_stored)
			ExecComputeStoredGenerated(resultRelInfo, estate, slot,
									   CMD_INSERT);

		/* Check the constraints of the tuple */
		if (rel->rd_att->constr)
			ExecConstraints(resultRelInfo, slot, estate);
		if (rel->rd_rel->relispartition)
			ExecPartitionCheck(resultRelInfo, slot, estate, true);

		/* OK, store the tuple and create index entries for it */
		simple_table_tuple_insert(resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc, slot);

		if (resultRelInfo->ri_NumIndices > 0)
			recheckIndexes = ExecInsertIndexTuples(resultRelInfo,
												   slot, estate, false, false,
												   NULL, NIL, false);

		/* AFTER ROW INSERT Triggers */
		ExecARInsertTriggers(estate, resultRelInfo, slot,
							 recheckIndexes, NULL);

		/*
		 * XXX we should in theory pass a TransitionCaptureState object to the
		 * above to capture transition tuples, but after statement triggers
		 * don't actually get fired by replication yet anyway
		 */

		list_free(recheckIndexes);
	}
}

/*
 * Find the searchslot tuple and update it with data in the slot,
 * update the indexes, and execute any constraints and per-row triggers.
 *
 * Caller is responsible for opening the indexes.
 */
void
ExecSimpleRelationUpdate(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
						 EState *estate, EPQState *epqstate,
						 TupleTableSlot *searchslot, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
	bool		skip_tuple = false;
	Relation	rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
	ItemPointer tid = &(searchslot->tts_tid);

	/* For now we support only tables. */
	Assert(rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION);

	CheckCmdReplicaIdentity(rel, CMD_UPDATE);

	/* BEFORE ROW UPDATE Triggers */
	if (resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc &&
		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc->trig_update_before_row)
	{
		if (!ExecBRUpdateTriggers(estate, epqstate, resultRelInfo,
								  tid, NULL, slot, NULL, NULL))
			skip_tuple = true;	/* "do nothing" */
	}

	if (!skip_tuple)
	{
		List	   *recheckIndexes = NIL;
		TU_UpdateIndexes update_indexes;

		/* Compute stored generated columns */
		if (rel->rd_att->constr &&
			rel->rd_att->constr->has_generated_stored)
			ExecComputeStoredGenerated(resultRelInfo, estate, slot,
									   CMD_UPDATE);

		/* Check the constraints of the tuple */
		if (rel->rd_att->constr)
			ExecConstraints(resultRelInfo, slot, estate);
		if (rel->rd_rel->relispartition)
			ExecPartitionCheck(resultRelInfo, slot, estate, true);

		simple_table_tuple_update(rel, tid, slot, estate->es_snapshot,
								  &update_indexes);

		if (resultRelInfo->ri_NumIndices > 0 && (update_indexes != TU_None))
			recheckIndexes = ExecInsertIndexTuples(resultRelInfo,
												   slot, estate, true, false,
												   NULL, NIL,
												   (update_indexes == TU_Summarizing));

		/* AFTER ROW UPDATE Triggers */
		ExecARUpdateTriggers(estate, resultRelInfo,
							 NULL, NULL,
							 tid, NULL, slot,
							 recheckIndexes, NULL, false);

		list_free(recheckIndexes);
	}
}

/*
 * Find the searchslot tuple and delete it, and execute any constraints
 * and per-row triggers.
 *
 * Caller is responsible for opening the indexes.
 */
void
ExecSimpleRelationDelete(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
						 EState *estate, EPQState *epqstate,
						 TupleTableSlot *searchslot)
{
	bool		skip_tuple = false;
	Relation	rel = resultRelInfo->ri_RelationDesc;
	ItemPointer tid = &searchslot->tts_tid;

	CheckCmdReplicaIdentity(rel, CMD_DELETE);

	/* BEFORE ROW DELETE Triggers */
	if (resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc &&
		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigDesc->trig_delete_before_row)
	{
		skip_tuple = !ExecBRDeleteTriggers(estate, epqstate, resultRelInfo,
										   tid, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
	}

	if (!skip_tuple)
	{
		/* OK, delete the tuple */
		simple_table_tuple_delete(rel, tid, estate->es_snapshot);

		/* AFTER ROW DELETE Triggers */
		ExecARDeleteTriggers(estate, resultRelInfo,
							 tid, NULL, NULL, false);
	}
}

/*
 * Check if command can be executed with current replica identity.
 */
void
CheckCmdReplicaIdentity(Relation rel, CmdType cmd)
{
	PublicationDesc pubdesc;

	/*
	 * Skip checking the replica identity for partitioned tables, because the
	 * operations are actually performed on the leaf partitions.
	 */
	if (rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
		return;

	/* We only need to do checks for UPDATE and DELETE. */
	if (cmd != CMD_UPDATE && cmd != CMD_DELETE)
		return;

	/*
	 * It is only safe to execute UPDATE/DELETE when all columns, referenced
	 * in the row filters from publications which the relation is in, are
	 * valid - i.e. when all referenced columns are part of REPLICA IDENTITY
	 * or the table does not publish UPDATEs or DELETEs.
	 *
	 * XXX We could optimize it by first checking whether any of the
	 * publications have a row filter for this relation. If not and relation
	 * has replica identity then we can avoid building the descriptor but as
	 * this happens only one time it doesn't seem worth the additional
	 * complexity.
	 */
	RelationBuildPublicationDesc(rel, &pubdesc);
	if (cmd == CMD_UPDATE && !pubdesc.rf_valid_for_update)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_COLUMN_REFERENCE),
				 errmsg("cannot update table \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errdetail("Column used in the publication WHERE expression is not part of the replica identity.")));
	else if (cmd == CMD_UPDATE && !pubdesc.cols_valid_for_update)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_COLUMN_REFERENCE),
				 errmsg("cannot update table \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errdetail("Column list used by the publication does not cover the replica identity.")));
	else if (cmd == CMD_DELETE && !pubdesc.rf_valid_for_delete)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_COLUMN_REFERENCE),
				 errmsg("cannot delete from table \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errdetail("Column used in the publication WHERE expression is not part of the replica identity.")));
	else if (cmd == CMD_DELETE && !pubdesc.cols_valid_for_delete)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_COLUMN_REFERENCE),
				 errmsg("cannot delete from table \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errdetail("Column list used by the publication does not cover the replica identity.")));

	/* If relation has replica identity we are always good. */
	if (OidIsValid(RelationGetReplicaIndex(rel)))
		return;

	/* REPLICA IDENTITY FULL is also good for UPDATE/DELETE. */
	if (rel->rd_rel->relreplident == REPLICA_IDENTITY_FULL)
		return;

	/*
	 * This is UPDATE/DELETE and there is no replica identity.
	 *
	 * Check if the table publishes UPDATES or DELETES.
	 */
	if (cmd == CMD_UPDATE && pubdesc.pubactions.pubupdate)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("cannot update table \"%s\" because it does not have a replica identity and publishes updates",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errhint("To enable updating the table, set REPLICA IDENTITY using ALTER TABLE.")));
	else if (cmd == CMD_DELETE && pubdesc.pubactions.pubdelete)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("cannot delete from table \"%s\" because it does not have a replica identity and publishes deletes",
						RelationGetRelationName(rel)),
				 errhint("To enable deleting from the table, set REPLICA IDENTITY using ALTER TABLE.")));
}


/*
 * Check if we support writing into specific relkind.
 *
 * The nspname and relname are only needed for error reporting.
 */
void
CheckSubscriptionRelkind(char relkind, const char *nspname,
						 const char *relname)
{
	if (relkind != RELKIND_RELATION && relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
				 errmsg("cannot use relation \"%s.%s\" as logical replication target",
						nspname, relname),
				 errdetail_relkind_not_supported(relkind)));
}