mirror of
https://github.com/postgres/postgres.git
synced 2025-06-03 00:02:26 -04:00
04cc4e18dd
source the \copy came from. Also, fix prompting logic so that initial and per-line prompts appear for all cases of reading from an interactive terminal. Patch by Mark Feit, with some kibitzing by Tom Lane.
2671 lines
89 KiB
Plaintext
2671 lines
89 KiB
Plaintext
<!--
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$PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml,v 1.104 2004/01/20 23:48:56 tgl Exp $
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PostgreSQL documentation
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-->
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<refentry id="APP-PSQL">
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle id="app-psql-title"><application>psql</application></refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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<refmiscinfo>Application</refmiscinfo>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname><application>psql</application></refname>
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<refpurpose>
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> interactive terminal
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</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<indexterm zone="app-psql">
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<primary>psql</primary>
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</indexterm>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>psql</command>
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<arg rep="repeat"><replaceable class="parameter">option</replaceable></arg>
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<arg><replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable>
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<arg><replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></arg></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>
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<application>psql</application> is a terminal-based front-end to
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. It enables you to type in
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queries interactively, issue them to
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<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, and see the query results.
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Alternatively, input can be from a file. In addition, it provides a
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number of meta-commands and various shell-like features to
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facilitate writing scripts and automating a wide variety of tasks.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1 id="R1-APP-PSQL-3">
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<title>Options</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-a</></term>
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<term><option>--echo-all</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Print all the lines to the screen as they are read. This is more
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useful for script processing rather than interactive mode. This is
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equivalent to setting the variable <varname>ECHO</varname> to
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<literal>all</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-A</></term>
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<term><option>--no-align</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Switches to unaligned output mode. (The default output mode is
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otherwise aligned.)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--command <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Specifies that <application>psql</application> is to execute one
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command string, <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>,
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and then exit. This is useful in shell scripts.
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</para>
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<para>
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<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> must be either
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a command string that is completely parsable by the server (i.e.,
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it contains no <application>psql</application> specific features),
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or it is a single backslash command. Thus you cannot mix
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<acronym>SQL</acronym> and <application>psql</application>
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meta-commands. To achieve that, you could pipe the string into
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<application>psql</application>, like this: <literal>echo "\x \\
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select * from foo;" | psql</literal>.
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</para>
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<para>
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If the command string contains multiple SQL commands, they are
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processed in a single transaction, unless there are explicit
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BEGIN/COMMIT commands included in the string to divide it into
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multiple transactions. This is different from the behavior when
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the same string is fed to <application>psql</application>'s standard input.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-d <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--dbname <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Specifies the name of the database to connect to. This is
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equivalent to specifying <replaceable
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class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> as the first non-option
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argument on the command line.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-e</></term>
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<term><option>--echo-queries</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Show all commands that are sent to the server. This is equivalent
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to setting the variable <varname>ECHO</varname> to
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<literal>queries</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-E</></term>
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<term><option>--echo-hidden</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Echo the actual queries generated by <command>\d</command> and other backslash
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commands. You can use this if you wish to include similar
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functionality into your own programs. This is equivalent to
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setting the variable <varname>ECHO_HIDDEN</varname> from within
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<application>psql</application>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--file <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Use the file <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable>
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as the source of commands instead of reading commands interactively.
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After the file is processed, <application>psql</application>
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terminates. This is in many ways equivalent to the internal
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command <command>\i</command>.
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</para>
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<para>
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If <replaceable>filename</replaceable> is <literal>-</literal>
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(hyphen), then standard input is read.
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</para>
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<para>
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Using this option is subtly different from writing <literal>psql
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< <replaceable
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class="parameter">filename</replaceable></literal>. In general,
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both will do what you expect, but using <literal>-f</literal>
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enables some nice features such as error messages with line
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numbers. There is also a slight chance that using this option will
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reduce the start-up overhead. On the other hand, the variant using
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the shell's input redirection is (in theory) guaranteed to yield
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exactly the same output that you would have gotten had you entered
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everything by hand.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-F <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--field-separator <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Use <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable> as the
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field separator. This is equivalent to <command>\pset
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fieldsep</command> or <command>\f</command>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-h <replaceable class="parameter">hostname</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--host <replaceable class="parameter">hostname</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Specifies the host name of the machine on which the
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server is running. If the value begins
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with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix-domain
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socket.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>-H</></term>
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<term><option>--html</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Turn on <acronym>HTML</acronym> tabular output. This is
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equivalent to <literal>\pset format html</literal> or the
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<command>\H</command> command.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-l</></term>
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<term><option>--list</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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List all available databases, then exits. Other non-connection
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options are ignored. This is similar to the internal command
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<command>\list</command>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-o <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--output <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Put all query output into file <replaceable
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class="parameter">filename</replaceable>. This is equivalent to
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the command <command>\o</command>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--port <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Specifies the TCP port or the local Unix domain
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socket file extension on which the server is listening for
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connections. Defaults to the value of the <envar>PGPORT</envar>
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environment variable or, if not set, to the port specified at
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compile time, usually 5432.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-P <replaceable class="parameter">assignment</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--pset <replaceable class="parameter">assignment</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Allows you to specify printing options in the style of
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<command>\pset</command> on the command line. Note that here you
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have to separate name and value with an equal sign instead of a
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space. Thus to set the output format to LaTeX, you could write
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<literal>-P format=latex</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-q</></term>
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<term><option>--quiet</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Specifies that <application>psql</application> should do its work
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quietly. By default, it prints welcome messages and various
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informational output. If this option is used, none of this
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happens. This is useful with the <option>-c</option> option.
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Within <application>psql</application> you can also set the
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<varname>QUIET</varname> variable to achieve the same effect.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-R <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--record-separator <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Use <replaceable class="parameter">separator</replaceable> as the
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record separator. This is equivalent to the <command>\pset
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recordsep</command> command.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-s</></term>
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<term><option>--single-step</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Run in single-step mode. That means the user is prompted before
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each command is sent to the server, with the option to cancel
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execution as well. Use this to debug scripts.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-S</></term>
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<term><option>--single-line</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Runs in single-line mode where a newline terminates an SQL command, as a
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semicolon does.
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</para>
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<note>
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<para>
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This mode is provided for those who insist on it, but you are not
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necessarily encouraged to use it. In particular, if you mix
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<acronym>SQL</acronym> and meta-commands on a line the order of
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execution might not always be clear to the inexperienced user.
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</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-t</></term>
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<term><option>--tuples-only</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Turn off printing of column names and result row count footers,
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etc. It is completely equivalent to the <command>\t</command>
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meta-command.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-T <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--table-attr <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Allows you to specify options to be placed within the
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<acronym>HTML</acronym> <sgmltag>table</sgmltag> tag. See
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<command>\pset</command> for details.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-u</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Makes <application>psql</application> prompt for the user name and
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password before connecting to the database.
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</para>
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<para>
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This option is deprecated, as it is conceptually flawed.
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(Prompting for a non-default user name and prompting for a
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password because the server requires it are really two different
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things.) You are encouraged to look at the <option>-U</option> and
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<option>-W</option> options instead.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-U <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--username <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Connect to the database as the user <replaceable
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class="parameter">username</replaceable> instead of the default.
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(You must have permission to do so, of course.)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-v <replaceable class="parameter">assignment</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--set <replaceable class="parameter">assignment</replaceable></></term>
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<term><option>--variable <replaceable class="parameter">assignment</replaceable></></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Perform a variable assignment, like the <command>\set</command>
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internal command. Note that you must separate name and value, if
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any, by an equal sign on the command line. To unset a variable,
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leave off the equal sign. To just set a variable without a value,
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use the equal sign but leave off the value. These assignments are
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done during a very early stage of start-up, so variables reserved
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for internal purposes might get overwritten later.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-V</></term>
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<term><option>--version</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Show the <application>psql</application> version.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-W</></term>
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<term><option>--password</></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Requests that <application>psql</application> should prompt for a
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password before connecting to a database. This will remain set for
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the entire session, even if you change the database connection
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with the meta-command <command>\connect</command>.
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</para>
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<para>
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In the current version, <application>psql</application>
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automatically issues a password prompt whenever the server
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requests password authentication. Because this is currently based
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on a hack, the automatic recognition might mysteriously fail,
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hence this option to force a prompt. If no password prompt is
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issued and the server requires password authentication the
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connection attempt will fail.
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</para>
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</listitem>
|
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</varlistentry>
|
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|
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-x</></term>
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<term><option>--expanded</></term>
|
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<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
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Turn on the extended table formatting mode. This is equivalent to the
|
|
command <command>\x</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
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</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
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<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>-X,</></term>
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|
<term><option>--no-psqlrc</></term>
|
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<listitem>
|
|
<para>
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Do not read the start-up file <filename>~/.psqlrc</filename>.
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</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
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</varlistentry>
|
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|
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<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>-?</></term>
|
|
<term><option>--help</></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Show help about <application>psql</application> command line
|
|
arguments.
|
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</para>
|
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</listitem>
|
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</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Exit Status</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> returns 0 to the shell if it
|
|
finished normally, 1 if a fatal error of its own (out of memory,
|
|
file not found) occurs, 2 if the connection to the server went bad
|
|
and the session was not interactive, and 3 if an error occurred in a
|
|
script and the variable <varname>ON_ERROR_STOP</varname> was set.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Usage</title>
|
|
|
|
<refsect2 id="R2-APP-PSQL-connecting">
|
|
<title>Connecting To A Database</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> is a regular
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> client application. In order
|
|
to connect to a database you need to know the name of your target
|
|
database, the host name and port number of the server and what user
|
|
name you want to connect as. <application>psql</application> can be
|
|
told about those parameters via command line options, namely
|
|
<option>-d</option>, <option>-h</option>, <option>-p</option>, and
|
|
<option>-U</option> respectively. If an argument is found that does
|
|
not belong to any option it will be interpreted as the database name
|
|
(or the user name, if the database name is also given). Not all
|
|
these options are required, defaults do apply. If you omit the host
|
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name, <application>psql</> will connect via a Unix domain socket to a server on the
|
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local host. The default port number is compile-time determined.
|
|
Since the database server uses the same default, you will not have
|
|
to specify the port in most cases. The default user name is your
|
|
Unix user name, as is the default database name. Note that you can't
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|
just connect to any database under any user name. Your database
|
|
administrator should have informed you about your access rights. To
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|
save you some typing you can also set the environment variables
|
|
<envar>PGDATABASE</envar>, <envar>PGHOST</envar>,
|
|
<envar>PGPORT</envar> and <envar>PGUSER</envar> to appropriate
|
|
values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the connection could not be made for any reason (e.g., insufficient
|
|
privileges, server is not running on the targeted host, etc.),
|
|
<application>psql</application> will return an error and terminate.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<refsect2 id="R2-APP-PSQL-4">
|
|
<title>Entering SQL Commands</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In normal operation, <application>psql</application> provides a
|
|
prompt with the name of the database to which
|
|
<application>psql</application> is currently connected, followed by
|
|
the string <literal>=></literal>. For example,
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
$ <userinput>psql testdb</userinput>
|
|
Welcome to psql &version;, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
|
|
|
|
Type: \copyright for distribution terms
|
|
\h for help with SQL commands
|
|
\? for help on internal slash commands
|
|
\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
|
|
\q to quit
|
|
|
|
testdb=>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
At the prompt, the user may type in <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands.
|
|
Ordinarily, input lines are sent to the server when a
|
|
command-terminating semicolon is reached. An end of line does not
|
|
terminate a command. Thus commands can be spread over several lines for
|
|
clarity. If the command was sent and without error, the results of the command
|
|
are displayed on the screen.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Whenever a command is executed, <application>psql</application> also polls
|
|
for asynchronous notification events generated by
|
|
<xref linkend="SQL-LISTEN" endterm="SQL-LISTEN-title"> and
|
|
<xref linkend="SQL-NOTIFY" endterm="SQL-NOTIFY-title">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
<title>Meta-Commands</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Anything you enter in <application>psql</application> that begins
|
|
with an unquoted backslash is a <application>psql</application>
|
|
meta-command that is processed by <application>psql</application>
|
|
itself. These commands are what makes
|
|
<application>psql</application> interesting for administration or
|
|
scripting. Meta-commands are more commonly called slash or backslash
|
|
commands.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The format of a <application>psql</application> command is the backslash,
|
|
followed immediately by a command verb, then any arguments. The arguments
|
|
are separated from the command verb and each other by any number of
|
|
whitespace characters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To include whitespace into an argument you may quote it with a
|
|
single quote. To include a single quote into such an argument,
|
|
precede it by a backslash. Anything contained in single quotes is
|
|
furthermore subject to C-like substitutions for
|
|
<literal>\n</literal> (new line), <literal>\t</literal> (tab),
|
|
<literal>\</literal><replaceable>digits</replaceable>,
|
|
<literal>\0</literal><replaceable>digits</replaceable>, and
|
|
<literal>\0x</literal><replaceable>digits</replaceable> (the
|
|
character with the given decimal, octal, or hexadecimal code).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If an unquoted argument begins with a colon (<literal>:</literal>),
|
|
it is taken as a <application>psql</> variable and the value of the
|
|
variable is used as the argument instead.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Arguments that are enclosed in backquotes (<literal>`</literal>)
|
|
are taken as a command line that is passed to the shell. The
|
|
output of the command (with any trailing newline removed) is taken
|
|
as the argument value. The above escape sequences also apply in
|
|
backquotes.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some commands take an <acronym>SQL</acronym> identifier (such as a
|
|
table name) as argument. These arguments follow the syntax rules
|
|
of <acronym>SQL</acronym>: Unquoted letters are forced to
|
|
lowercase, while double quotes (<literal>"</>) protect letters
|
|
from case conversion and allow incorporation of whitespace into
|
|
the identifier. Within double quotes, paired double quotes reduce
|
|
to a single double quote in the resulting name. For example,
|
|
<literal>FOO"BAR"BAZ</> is interpreted as <literal>fooBARbaz</>,
|
|
and <literal>"A weird"" name"</> becomes <literal>A weird"
|
|
name</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Parsing for arguments stops when another unquoted backslash occurs.
|
|
This is taken as the beginning of a new meta-command. The special
|
|
sequence <literal>\\</literal> (two backslashes) marks the end of
|
|
arguments and continues parsing <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands, if
|
|
any. That way <acronym>SQL</acronym> and
|
|
<application>psql</application> commands can be freely mixed on a
|
|
line. But in any case, the arguments of a meta-command cannot
|
|
continue beyond the end of the line.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following meta-commands are defined:
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\a</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the current table output format is unaligned, it is switched to aligned.
|
|
If it is not unaligned, it is set to unaligned. This command is
|
|
kept for backwards compatibility. See <command>\pset</command> for a
|
|
general solution.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\cd</literal> <optional><replaceable>directory</replaceable></optional></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Changes the current working directory to
|
|
<replaceable>directory</replaceable>. Without argument, changes
|
|
to the current user's home directory.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To print your current working directory, use <literal>\!pwd</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\C</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">title</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the title of any tables being printed as the result of a
|
|
query or unset any such title. This command is equivalent to
|
|
<literal>\pset title <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">title</replaceable></literal>. (The name of
|
|
this command derives from <quote>caption</quote>, as it was
|
|
previously only used to set the caption in an
|
|
<acronym>HTML</acronym> table.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\connect</literal> (or <literal>\c</literal>) [ <replaceable class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable> ] ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Establishes a connection to a new database and/or under a user
|
|
name. The previous connection is closed. If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">dbname</replaceable> is <literal>-</literal>
|
|
the current database name is assumed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">username</replaceable> is
|
|
omitted the current user name is assumed. </para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As a special rule, <command>\connect</command> without any
|
|
arguments will connect to the default database as the default
|
|
user (as you would have gotten by starting
|
|
<application>psql</application> without any arguments).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the connection attempt failed (wrong user name, access
|
|
denied, etc.), the previous connection will be kept if and only
|
|
if <application>psql</application> is in interactive mode. When
|
|
executing a non-interactive script, processing will immediately
|
|
stop with an error. This distinction was chosen as a user
|
|
convenience against typos on the one hand, and a safety
|
|
mechanism that scripts are not accidentally acting on the wrong
|
|
database on the other hand.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\copy <replaceable class="parameter">table</replaceable>
|
|
[ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_list</replaceable> ) ]
|
|
{ <literal>from</literal> | <literal>to</literal> }
|
|
{ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | stdin | stdout | - }
|
|
[ <literal>with</literal> ]
|
|
[ <literal>oids</literal> ]
|
|
[ <literal>delimiter [as] </literal> '<replaceable class="parameter">character</replaceable>' ]
|
|
[ <literal>null [as] </literal> '<replaceable class="parameter">string</replaceable>' ]</literal>
|
|
</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Performs a frontend (client) copy. This is an operation that
|
|
runs an <acronym>SQL</acronym> <xref linkend="SQL-COPY"
|
|
endterm="SQL-COPY-title"> command, but instead of the server
|
|
reading or writing the specified file,
|
|
<application>psql</application> reads or writes the file and
|
|
routes the data between the server and the local file system.
|
|
This means that file accessibility and privileges are those of
|
|
the local user, not the server, and no SQL superuser
|
|
privileges are required.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The syntax of the command is similar to that of the
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> <xref linkend="sql-copy"
|
|
endterm="sql-copy-title"> command. Note that, because of this,
|
|
special parsing rules apply to the <command>\copy</command>
|
|
command. In particular, the variable substitution rules and
|
|
backslash escapes do not apply.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For <literal>\copy <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">table</replaceable> from <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable></literal> operations,
|
|
<application>psql</application> adds the option of using a
|
|
hyphen instead of <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable>. This causes
|
|
<literal>\copy</literal> to read rows from the same source that
|
|
issued the command, continuing until <literal>\.</literal> is
|
|
read or the stream reaches <acronym>EOF</>. This option is
|
|
useful for populating tables in-line within a SQL script file.
|
|
In contrast, <literal>\copy from stdin</> always reads from
|
|
<application>psql</application>'s standard input.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This operation is not as efficient as the <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
|
<command>COPY</command> command because all data must pass
|
|
through the client/server connection. For large
|
|
amounts of data the <acronym>SQL</acronym> command may be preferable.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note the difference in interpretation of
|
|
<literal>stdin</literal> and <literal>stdout</literal> between
|
|
<literal>\copy</literal> and <command>COPY</command>.
|
|
In <literal>\copy</literal> these always
|
|
refer to <application>psql</application>'s input and output
|
|
streams. In <command>COPY</command>, <literal>stdin</literal> comes
|
|
from wherever the <command>COPY</command> itself came from (for
|
|
example, a script run with the <option>-f</option> option), while
|
|
<literal>stdout</literal> refers to the query output stream (see
|
|
<command>\o</command> meta-command below).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\copyright</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shows the copyright and distribution terms of
|
|
<application>PostgreSQL</application>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\d</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
For each relation (table, view, index, or sequence) matching the
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>, show all
|
|
columns, their types, and any special
|
|
attributes such as <literal>NOT NULL</literal> or defaults, if
|
|
any. Associated indexes, constraints, rules, and triggers are
|
|
also shown, as is the view definition if the relation is a view.
|
|
(<quote>Matching the pattern</> is defined below.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The command form <literal>\d+</literal> is identical, but any
|
|
comments associated with the table columns are shown as well.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If <command>\d</command> is used without a
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> argument, it is
|
|
equivalent to <command>\dtvs</command> which will show a list of
|
|
all tables, views, and sequences. This is purely a convenience
|
|
measure.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\da</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all available aggregate functions, together with the data
|
|
type they operate on. If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>
|
|
is specified, only aggregates whose names match the pattern are shown.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dc</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all available conversions between character-set encodings.
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>
|
|
is specified, only conversions whose names match the pattern are
|
|
listed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dC</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all available type casts.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dd</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shows the descriptions of objects matching the <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>, or of all visible objects if
|
|
no argument is given. But in either case, only objects that have
|
|
a description are listed.
|
|
(<quote>Object</quote> covers aggregates, functions, operators,
|
|
types, relations (tables, views, indexes, sequences, large
|
|
objects), rules, and triggers.) For example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
=> <userinput>\dd version</userinput>
|
|
Object descriptions
|
|
Schema | Name | Object | Description
|
|
------------+---------+----------+---------------------------
|
|
pg_catalog | version | function | PostgreSQL version string
|
|
(1 row)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Descriptions for objects can be created with the
|
|
<command>COMMENT</command> <acronym>SQL</acronym> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dD</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all available domains. If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>
|
|
is specified, only matching domains are shown.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\df [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists available functions, together with their argument and
|
|
return types. If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>
|
|
is specified, only functions whose names match the pattern are shown.
|
|
If the form
|
|
<literal>\df+</literal> is used, additional information about
|
|
each function, including language and description, is shown.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To reduce clutter, <literal>\df</> does not show data type I/O
|
|
functions. This is implemented by ignoring functions that accept
|
|
or return type <type>cstring</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dg [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all database groups or only those that match <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\distvS [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is not the actual command name: the letters i, s, t, v, S
|
|
stand for index, sequence, table, view, and system table,
|
|
respectively. You can specify any or all of these letters, in any
|
|
order, to obtain a listing of all the matching objects. The letter
|
|
S restricts the listing to system objects; without S, only non-system
|
|
objects are shown.
|
|
If <literal>+</literal> is appended to the command name, each object is
|
|
listed with its associated description, if any.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> is
|
|
specified, only objects whose names match the pattern are listed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dl</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is an alias for <command>\lo_list</command>, which shows a
|
|
list of large objects.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dn</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all available schemas (namespaces). If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> (a regular expression)
|
|
is specified, only schemas whose names match the pattern are listed.
|
|
Non-local temporary schemas are suppressed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\do [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists available operators with their operand and return types.
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> is
|
|
specified, only operators whose names match the pattern are listed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dp</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Produces a list of all available tables with their
|
|
associated access privileges.
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> is
|
|
specified, only tables whose names match the pattern are listed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The commands <xref linkend="SQL-GRANT"> and
|
|
<xref linkend="SQL-REVOKE">
|
|
are used to set access privileges. See <xref linkend="SQL-GRANT">
|
|
for more information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\dT [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all data types or only those that match <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>. The command form
|
|
<literal>\dT+</literal> shows extra information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\du [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lists all database users or only those that match <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\edit</literal> (or <literal>\e</literal>) [ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> is
|
|
specified, the file is edited; after the editor exits, its
|
|
content is copied back to the query buffer. If no argument is
|
|
given, the current query buffer is copied to a temporary file
|
|
which is then edited in the same fashion.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The new query buffer is then re-parsed according to the normal
|
|
rules of <application>psql</application>, where the whole buffer
|
|
is treated as a single line. (Thus you cannot make scripts this
|
|
way. Use <command>\i</command> for that.) This means also that
|
|
if the query ends with (or rather contains) a semicolon, it is
|
|
immediately executed. In other cases it will merely wait in the
|
|
query buffer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> searches the environment
|
|
variables <envar>PSQL_EDITOR</envar>, <envar>EDITOR</envar>, and
|
|
<envar>VISUAL</envar> (in that order) for an editor to use. If
|
|
all of them are unset, <filename>/bin/vi</filename> is run.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\echo</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">text</replaceable> [ ... ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prints the arguments to the standard output, separated by one
|
|
space and followed by a newline. This can be useful to
|
|
intersperse information in the output of scripts. For example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
=> <userinput>\echo `date`</userinput>
|
|
Tue Oct 26 21:40:57 CEST 1999
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
If the first argument is an unquoted <literal>-n</literal> the the trailing
|
|
newline is not written.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you use the <command>\o</command> command to redirect your
|
|
query output you may wish to use <command>\qecho</command>
|
|
instead of this command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\encoding</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">encoding</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the client character set encoding. Without an argument, this command
|
|
shows the current encoding.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\f</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">string</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the field separator for unaligned query output. The default
|
|
is the vertical bar (<literal>|</literal>). See also
|
|
<command>\pset</command> for a generic way of setting output
|
|
options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\g</literal> [ { <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | <literal>|</literal><replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> } ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sends the current query input buffer to the server and
|
|
optionally saves the output in <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable> or pipes the output
|
|
into a separate Unix shell to execute <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">command</replaceable>. A bare
|
|
<literal>\g</literal> is virtually equivalent to a semicolon. A
|
|
<literal>\g</literal> with argument is a <quote>one-shot</quote>
|
|
alternative to the <command>\o</command> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\help</literal> (or <literal>\h</literal>) [ <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Gives syntax help on the specified <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
|
command. If <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>
|
|
is not specified, then <application>psql</application> will list
|
|
all the commands for which syntax help is available. If
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> is an
|
|
asterisk (<literal>*</literal>), then syntax help on all
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> commands is shown.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To simplify typing, commands that consists of several words do
|
|
not have to be quoted. Thus it is fine to type <userinput>\help
|
|
alter table</userinput>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\H</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Turns on <acronym>HTML</acronym> query output format. If the
|
|
<acronym>HTML</acronym> format is already on, it is switched
|
|
back to the default aligned text format. This command is for
|
|
compatibility and convenience, but see <command>\pset</command>
|
|
about setting other output options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\i</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Reads input from the file <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable> and executes it as
|
|
though it had been typed on the keyboard.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you want to see the lines on the screen as they are read you
|
|
must set the variable <varname>ECHO</varname> to
|
|
<literal>all</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\l</literal> (or <literal>\list</literal>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
List the names, owners, and character set encodings of all the databases in
|
|
the server. Append a <literal>+</literal> to the command name to
|
|
see any descriptions for the databases as well.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\lo_export</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">loid</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Reads the large object with <acronym>OID</acronym> <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">loid</replaceable> from the database and
|
|
writes it to <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable>. Note that this is
|
|
subtly different from the server function
|
|
<function>lo_export</function>, which acts with the permissions
|
|
of the user that the database server runs as and on the server's
|
|
file system.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Use <command>\lo_list</command> to find out the large object's
|
|
<acronym>OID</acronym>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\lo_import</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">comment</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Stores the file into a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
|
|
large object. Optionally, it associates the given
|
|
comment with the object. Example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
foo=> <userinput>\lo_import '/home/peter/pictures/photo.xcf' 'a picture of me'</userinput>
|
|
lo_import 152801
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
The response indicates that the large object received object ID
|
|
152801 which one ought to remember if one wants to access the
|
|
object ever again. For that reason it is recommended to always
|
|
associate a human-readable comment with every object. Those can
|
|
then be seen with the <command>\lo_list</command> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that this command is subtly different from the server-side
|
|
<function>lo_import</function> because it acts as the local user
|
|
on the local file system, rather than the server's user and file
|
|
system.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\lo_list</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shows a list of all <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
|
|
large objects currently stored in the database,
|
|
along with any comments provided for them.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\lo_unlink</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">loid</replaceable></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Deletes the large object with <acronym>OID</acronym>
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">loid</replaceable> from the
|
|
database.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Use <command>\lo_list</command> to find out the large object's
|
|
<acronym>OID</acronym>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\o</literal> [ {<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | <literal>|</literal><replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>} ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Saves future query results to the file <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable> or pipes future results
|
|
into a separate Unix shell to execute <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">command</replaceable>. If no arguments are
|
|
specified, the query output will be reset to the standard output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<quote>Query results</quote> includes all tables, command
|
|
responses, and notices obtained from the database server, as
|
|
well as output of various backslash commands that query the
|
|
database (such as <command>\d</command>), but not error
|
|
messages.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To intersperse text output in between query results, use
|
|
<command>\qecho</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\p</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print the current query buffer to the standard output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\pset</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">parameter</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This command sets options affecting the output of query result
|
|
tables. <replaceable class="parameter">parameter</replaceable>
|
|
describes which option is to be set. The semantics of
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable> depend
|
|
thereon.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Adjustable printing options are:
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>format</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the output format to one of <literal>unaligned</literal>,
|
|
<literal>aligned</literal>, <literal>html</literal>, or
|
|
<literal>latex</literal>. Unique abbreviations are allowed.
|
|
(That would mean one letter is enough.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<quote>Unaligned</quote> writes all columns of a row on a
|
|
line, separated by the currently active field separator. This
|
|
is intended to create output that might be intended to be read
|
|
in by other programs (tab-separated, comma-separated).
|
|
<quote>Aligned</quote> mode is the standard, human-readable,
|
|
nicely formatted text output that is default. The
|
|
<quote><acronym>HTML</acronym></quote> and
|
|
<quote>LaTeX</quote> modes put out tables that are intended to
|
|
be included in documents using the respective mark-up
|
|
language. They are not complete documents! (This might not be
|
|
so dramatic in <acronym>HTML</acronym>, but in LaTeX you must
|
|
have a complete document wrapper.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>border</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The second argument must be a number. In general, the higher
|
|
the number the more borders and lines the tables will have,
|
|
but this depends on the particular format. In
|
|
<acronym>HTML</acronym> mode, this will translate directly
|
|
into the <literal>border=...</literal> attribute, in the
|
|
others only values 0 (no border), 1 (internal dividing lines),
|
|
and 2 (table frame) make sense.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>expanded</literal> (or <literal>x</literal>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles between regular and expanded format. When expanded
|
|
format is enabled, all output has two columns with the column
|
|
name on the left and the data on the right. This mode is
|
|
useful if the data wouldn't fit on the screen in the normal
|
|
<quote>horizontal</quote> mode.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Expanded mode is supported by all four output formats.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>null</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The second argument is a string that should be printed
|
|
whenever a column is null. The default is not to print
|
|
anything, which can easily be mistaken for, say, an empty
|
|
string. Thus, one might choose to write <literal>\pset null
|
|
'(null)'</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>fieldsep</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Specifies the field separator to be used in unaligned output
|
|
mode. That way one can create, for example, tab- or
|
|
comma-separated output, which other programs might prefer. To
|
|
set a tab as field separator, type <literal>\pset fieldsep
|
|
'\t'</literal>. The default field separator is
|
|
<literal>'|'</literal> (a vertical bar).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>footer</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles the display of the default footer <literal>(x
|
|
rows)</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>recordsep</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Specifies the record (line) separator to use in unaligned
|
|
output mode. The default is a newline character.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>tuples_only</literal> (or <literal>t</literal>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles between tuples only and full display. Full display may
|
|
show extra information such as column headers, titles, and
|
|
various footers. In tuples only mode, only actual table data
|
|
is shown.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>title</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">text</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the table title for any subsequently printed tables. This
|
|
can be used to give your output descriptive tags. If no
|
|
argument is given, the title is unset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>tableattr</literal> (or <literal>T</literal>) [ <replaceable class="parameter">text</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Allows you to specify any attributes to be placed inside the
|
|
<acronym>HTML</acronym> <sgmltag>table</sgmltag> tag. This
|
|
could for example be <literal>cellpadding</literal> or
|
|
<literal>bgcolor</literal>. Note that you probably don't want
|
|
to specify <literal>border</literal> here, as that is already
|
|
taken care of by <literal>\pset border</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>pager</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Controls use of a pager for query and <application>psql</>
|
|
help output. If the environment variable <envar>PAGER</envar>
|
|
is set, the output is piped to the specified program.
|
|
Otherwise a platform-dependent default (such as
|
|
<filename>more</filename>) is used.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When the pager is off, the pager is not used. When the pager
|
|
is on, the pager is used only when appropriate, i.e. the
|
|
output is to a terminal and will not fit on the screen.
|
|
(<application>psql</> does not do a perfect job of estimating
|
|
when to use the pager.) <literal>\pset pager</> turns the
|
|
pager on and off. Pager can also be set to <literal>always</>,
|
|
which causes the pager to be always used.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Illustrations on how these different formats look can be seen in
|
|
the <xref linkend="APP-PSQL-examples"
|
|
endterm="APP-PSQL-examples-title"> section.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<tip>
|
|
<para>
|
|
There are various shortcut commands for <command>\pset</command>. See
|
|
<command>\a</command>, <command>\C</command>, <command>\H</command>,
|
|
<command>\t</command>, <command>\T</command>, and <command>\x</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</tip>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is an error to call <command>\pset</command> without
|
|
arguments. In the future this call might show the current status
|
|
of all printing options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\q</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Quits the <application>psql</application> program.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\qecho</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">text</replaceable> [ ... ] </term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This command is identical to <command>\echo</command> except
|
|
that all output will be written to the query output channel, as
|
|
set by <command>\o</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\r</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Resets (clears) the query buffer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\s</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print or save the command line history to <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable>. If <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable> is omitted, the history
|
|
is written to the standard output. This option is only available
|
|
if <application>psql</application> is configured to use the
|
|
<acronym>GNU</acronym> history library.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In the current version, it is no longer necessary to save the
|
|
command history, since that will be done automatically on
|
|
program termination. The history is also loaded automatically
|
|
every time <application>psql</application> starts up.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\set</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ <replaceable class="parameter">value</replaceable> [ ... ]]]</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sets the internal variable <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">name</replaceable> to <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">value</replaceable> or, if more than one value
|
|
is given, to the concatenation of all of them. If no second
|
|
argument is given, the variable is just set with no value. To
|
|
unset a variable, use the <command>\unset</command> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Valid variable names can contain characters, digits, and
|
|
underscores. See the section <xref
|
|
linkend="APP-PSQL-variables"
|
|
endterm="APP-PSQL-variables-title"> below for details.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Although you are welcome to set any variable to anything you
|
|
want, <application>psql</application> treats several variables
|
|
as special. They are documented in the section about variables.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This command is totally separate from the <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
|
command <xref linkend="SQL-SET" endterm="SQL-SET-title">.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\t</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles the display of output column name headings and row count
|
|
footer. This command is equivalent to <literal>\pset
|
|
tuples_only</literal> and is provided for convenience.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\T</literal> <replaceable class="parameter">table_options</replaceable></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Allows you to specify attributes to be placed within the
|
|
<sgmltag>table</sgmltag> tag in <acronym>HTML</acronym> tabular
|
|
output mode. This command is equivalent to <literal>\pset
|
|
tableattr <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">table_options</replaceable></literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\timing</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles a display of how long each SQL statement takes, in milliseconds.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\w</literal> {<replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable> | <replaceable class="parameter">|command</replaceable>}</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Outputs the current query buffer to the file <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">filename</replaceable> or pipes it to the Unix
|
|
command <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\x</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Toggles extended table formatting mode. As such it is equivalent to
|
|
<literal>\pset expanded</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\z</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Produces a list of all available tables with their
|
|
associated access privileges.
|
|
If a <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> is
|
|
specified, only tables whose names match the pattern are listed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The commands <xref linkend="SQL-GRANT"> and
|
|
<xref linkend="SQL-REVOKE">
|
|
are used to set access privileges. See <xref linkend="SQL-GRANT">
|
|
for more information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is an alias for <command>\dp</command> (<quote>display
|
|
privileges</quote>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\!</literal> [ <replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable> ]</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Escapes to a separate Unix shell or executes the Unix command
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable>. The
|
|
arguments are not further interpreted, the shell will see them
|
|
as is.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>\?</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shows help information about the backslash commands.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The various <literal>\d</> commands accept a <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> parameter to specify the
|
|
object name(s) to be displayed. <literal>*</> means <quote>any
|
|
sequence of characters</> and <literal>?</> means <quote>any single
|
|
character</>. (This notation is comparable to Unix shell file name
|
|
patterns.) Advanced users can also use regular-expression
|
|
notations such as character classes, for example <literal>[0-9]</>
|
|
to match <quote>any digit</>. To make any of these
|
|
pattern-matching characters be interpreted literally, surround it
|
|
with double quotes.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A pattern that contains an (unquoted) dot is interpreted as a schema
|
|
name pattern followed by an object name pattern. For example,
|
|
<literal>\dt foo*.bar*</> displays all tables in schemas whose name
|
|
starts with <literal>foo</> and whose table name
|
|
starts with <literal>bar</>. If no dot appears, then the pattern
|
|
matches only objects that are visible in the current schema search path.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Whenever the <replaceable class="parameter">pattern</replaceable> parameter
|
|
is omitted completely, the <literal>\d</> commands display all objects
|
|
that are visible in the current schema search path. To see all objects
|
|
in the database, use the pattern <literal>*.*</>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
<title>Advanced features</title>
|
|
|
|
<refsect3 id="APP-PSQL-variables">
|
|
<title id="APP-PSQL-variables-title">Variables</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> provides variable substitution
|
|
features similar to common Unix command shells.
|
|
Variables are simply name/value pairs, where the value
|
|
can be any string of any length. To set variables, use the
|
|
<application>psql</application> meta-command
|
|
<command>\set</command>:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\set foo bar</userinput>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
sets the variable <literal>foo</literal> to the value
|
|
<literal>bar</literal>. To retrieve the content of the variable, precede
|
|
the name with a colon and use it as the argument of any slash
|
|
command:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\echo :foo</userinput>
|
|
bar
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The arguments of <command>\set</command> are subject to the same
|
|
substitution rules as with other commands. Thus you can construct
|
|
interesting references such as <literal>\set :foo
|
|
'something'</literal> and get <quote>soft links</quote> or
|
|
<quote>variable variables</quote> of <productname>Perl</productname>
|
|
or <productname><acronym>PHP</acronym></productname> fame,
|
|
respectively. Unfortunately (or fortunately?), there is no way to do
|
|
anything useful with these constructs. On the other hand,
|
|
<literal>\set bar :foo</literal> is a perfectly valid way to copy a
|
|
variable.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you call <command>\set</command> without a second argument, the
|
|
variable is set, with an empty string as value. To unset (or delete) a
|
|
variable, use the command <command>\unset</command>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application>'s internal variable names can
|
|
consist of letters, numbers, and underscores in any order and any
|
|
number of them. A number of these variables are treated specially
|
|
by <application>psql</application>. They indicate certain option
|
|
settings that can be changed at run time by altering the value of
|
|
the variable or represent some state of the application. Although
|
|
you can use these variables for any other purpose, this is not
|
|
recommended, as the program behavior might grow really strange
|
|
really quickly. By convention, all specially treated variables
|
|
consist of all upper-case letters (and possibly numbers and
|
|
underscores). To ensure maximum compatibility in the future, avoid
|
|
using such variable names for your own purposes. A list of all specially
|
|
treated variables follows.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>AUTOCOMMIT</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
When <literal>on</> (the default), each SQL command is automatically
|
|
committed upon successful completion. To postpone commit in this
|
|
mode, you must enter a <command>BEGIN</> or <command>START
|
|
TRANSACTION</> SQL command. When <literal>off</> or unset, SQL
|
|
commands are not committed until you explicitly issue
|
|
<command>COMMIT</> or <command>END</>. The autocommit-off
|
|
mode works by issuing an implicit <command>BEGIN</> for you, just
|
|
before any command that is not already in a transaction block and
|
|
is not itself a <command>BEGIN</> or other transaction-control
|
|
command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In autocommit-off mode, you must explicitly abandon any failed
|
|
transaction by entering <command>ABORT</> or <command>ROLLBACK</>.
|
|
Also keep in mind that if you exit the session
|
|
without committing, your work will be lost.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The autocommit-on mode is <productname>PostgreSQL</>'s traditional
|
|
behavior, but autocommit-off is closer to the SQL spec. If you
|
|
prefer autocommit-off, you may wish to set it in
|
|
your <filename>.psqlrc</filename> file.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>DBNAME</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The name of the database you are currently connected to. This is
|
|
set every time you connect to a database (including program
|
|
start-up), but can be unset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>ECHO</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If set to <literal>all</literal>, all lines
|
|
entered or from a script are written to the standard output
|
|
before they are parsed or executed. To select this behavior on program
|
|
start-up, use the switch <option>-a</option>. If set to
|
|
<literal>queries</literal>,
|
|
<application>psql</application> merely prints all queries as
|
|
they are sent to the server. The switch for this is
|
|
<option>-e</option>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>ECHO_HIDDEN</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
When this variable is set and a backslash command queries the
|
|
database, the query is first shown. This way you can study the
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> internals and provide
|
|
similar functionality in your own programs. (To select this behavior
|
|
on program start-up, use the switch <option>-E</option>.) If you set
|
|
the variable to the value <literal>noexec</literal>, the queries are
|
|
just shown but are not actually sent to the server and executed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>ENCODING</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The current client character set encoding.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>HISTCONTROL</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If this variable is set to <literal>ignorespace</literal>,
|
|
lines which begin with a space are not entered into the history
|
|
list. If set to a value of <literal>ignoredups</literal>, lines
|
|
matching the previous history line are not entered. A value of
|
|
<literal>ignoreboth</literal> combines the two options. If
|
|
unset, or if set to any other value than those above, all lines
|
|
read in interactive mode are saved on the history list.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from
|
|
<application>Bash</application>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>HISTSIZE</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The number of commands to store in the command history. The
|
|
default value is 500.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from
|
|
<application>Bash</application>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>HOST</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The database server host you are currently connected to. This is
|
|
set every time you connect to a database (including program
|
|
start-up), but can be unset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>IGNOREEOF</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If unset, sending an <acronym>EOF</> character (usually
|
|
<keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Control</><keycap>D</></>)
|
|
to an interactive session of <application>psql</application>
|
|
will terminate the application. If set to a numeric value,
|
|
that many <acronym>EOF</> characters are ignored before the
|
|
application terminates. If the variable is set but has no
|
|
numeric value, the default is 10.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from
|
|
<application>Bash</application>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>LASTOID</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The value of the last affected OID, as returned from an
|
|
<command>INSERT</command> or <command>lo_insert</command>
|
|
command. This variable is only guaranteed to be valid until
|
|
after the result of the next <acronym>SQL</acronym> command has
|
|
been displayed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>ON_ERROR_STOP</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default, if non-interactive scripts encounter an error, such
|
|
as a malformed <acronym>SQL</acronym> command or internal
|
|
meta-command, processing continues. This has been the
|
|
traditional behavior of <application>psql</application> but it
|
|
is sometimes not desirable. If this variable is set, script
|
|
processing will immediately terminate. If the script was called
|
|
from another script it will terminate in the same fashion. If
|
|
the outermost script was not called from an interactive
|
|
<application>psql</application> session but rather using the
|
|
<option>-f</option> option, <application>psql</application> will
|
|
return error code 3, to distinguish this case from fatal error
|
|
conditions (error code 1).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>PORT</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The database server port to which you are currently connected.
|
|
This is set every time you connect to a database (including
|
|
program start-up), but can be unset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>PROMPT1</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>PROMPT2</varname></term>
|
|
<term><varname>PROMPT3</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These specify what the prompts <application>psql</application>
|
|
issues should look like. See <xref
|
|
linkend="APP-PSQL-prompting"
|
|
endterm="APP-PSQL-prompting-title"> below.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>QUIET</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This variable is equivalent to the command line option
|
|
<option>-q</option>. It is probably not too useful in
|
|
interactive mode.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>SINGLELINE</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This variable is equivalent to the command line option
|
|
<option>-S</option>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>SINGLESTEP</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This variable is equivalent to the command line option
|
|
<option>-s</option>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>USER</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The database user you are currently connected as. This is set
|
|
every time you connect to a database (including program
|
|
start-up), but can be unset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><varname>VERBOSITY</varname></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This variable can be set to the values <literal>default</>,
|
|
<literal>verbose</>, or <literal>terse</> to control the verbosity
|
|
of error reports.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</refsect3>
|
|
|
|
<refsect3>
|
|
<title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Interpolation</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An additional useful feature of <application>psql</application>
|
|
variables is that you can substitute (<quote>interpolate</quote>)
|
|
them into regular <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements. The syntax for
|
|
this is again to prepend the variable name with a colon
|
|
(<literal>:</literal>).
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\set foo 'my_table'</userinput>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>SELECT * FROM :foo;</userinput>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
would then query the table <literal>my_table</literal>. The value of
|
|
the variable is copied literally, so it can even contain unbalanced
|
|
quotes or backslash commands. You must make sure that it makes sense
|
|
where you put it. Variable interpolation will not be performed into
|
|
quoted <acronym>SQL</acronym> entities.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A popular application of this facility is to refer to the last
|
|
inserted <acronym>OID</acronym> in subsequent statements to build a
|
|
foreign key scenario. Another possible use of this mechanism is to
|
|
copy the contents of a file into a table column. First load the file into a
|
|
variable and then proceed as above.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\set content '\'' `cat my_file.txt` '\''</userinput>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>INSERT INTO my_table VALUES (:content);</userinput>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
One possible problem with this approach is that <filename>my_file.txt</filename>
|
|
might contain single quotes. These need to be escaped so that
|
|
they don't cause a syntax error when the second line is processed. This
|
|
could be done with the program <command>sed</command>:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\set content '\'' `sed -e "s/'/\\\\\\'/g" < my_file.txt` '\''</userinput>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Observe the correct number of backslashes (6)! It works
|
|
this way: After <application>psql</application> has parsed this
|
|
line, it passes <literal>sed -e "s/'/\\\'/g" < my_file.txt</literal>
|
|
to the shell. The shell will do its own thing inside the double
|
|
quotes and execute <command>sed</command> with the arguments
|
|
<literal>-e</literal> and <literal>s/'/\\'/g</literal>. When
|
|
<command>sed</command> parses this it will replace the two
|
|
backslashes with a single one and then do the substitution. Perhaps
|
|
at one point you thought it was great that all Unix commands use the
|
|
same escape character. And this is ignoring the fact that you might
|
|
have to escape all backslashes as well because
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> text constants are also subject to certain
|
|
interpretations. In that case you might be better off preparing the
|
|
file externally.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Since colons may legally appear in SQL commands, the following rule
|
|
applies: the character sequence
|
|
<quote>:name</quote> is not changed unless <quote>name</> is the name
|
|
of a variable that is currently set. In any case you can escape
|
|
a colon with a backslash to protect it from substitution. (The
|
|
colon syntax for variables is standard <acronym>SQL</acronym> for
|
|
embedded query languages, such as <application>ECPG</application>.
|
|
The colon syntax for array slices and type casts are
|
|
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extensions, hence the
|
|
conflict.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect3>
|
|
|
|
<refsect3 id="APP-PSQL-prompting">
|
|
<title id="APP-PSQL-prompting-title">Prompting</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The prompts <application>psql</application> issues can be customized
|
|
to your preference. The three variables <varname>PROMPT1</varname>,
|
|
<varname>PROMPT2</varname>, and <varname>PROMPT3</varname> contain strings
|
|
and special escape sequences that describe the appearance of the
|
|
prompt. Prompt 1 is the normal prompt that is issued when
|
|
<application>psql</application> requests a new command. Prompt 2 is
|
|
issued when more input is expected during command input because the
|
|
command was not terminated with a semicolon or a quote was not closed.
|
|
Prompt 3 is issued when you run an <acronym>SQL</acronym>
|
|
<command>COPY</command> command and you are expected to type in the
|
|
row values on the terminal.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The value of the selected prompt variable is printed literally,
|
|
except where a percent sign (<literal>%</literal>) is encountered.
|
|
Depending on the next character, certain other text is substituted
|
|
instead. Defined substitutions are:
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%M</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The full host name (with domain name) of the database server,
|
|
or <literal>[local]</literal> if the connection is over a Unix
|
|
domain socket, or
|
|
<literal>[local:<replaceable>/dir/name</replaceable>]</literal
|
|
>, if the Unix domain socket is not at the compiled in default
|
|
location.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%m</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The host name of the database server, truncated at the
|
|
first dot, or <literal>[local]</literal> if the connection is
|
|
over a Unix domain socket.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%></literal></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>The port number at which the database server is listening.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%n</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The database session user name. (The expansion of this
|
|
value might change during a database session as the result
|
|
of the command <command>SET SESSION
|
|
AUTHORIZATION</command>.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%/</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>The name of the current database.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%~</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>Like <literal>%/</literal>, but the output is <literal>~</literal>
|
|
(tilde) if the database is your default database.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%#</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the session user is a database superuser, then a
|
|
<literal>#</literal>, otherwise a <literal>></literal>.
|
|
(The expansion of this value might change during a database
|
|
session as the result of the command <command>SET SESSION
|
|
AUTHORIZATION</command>.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%R</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In prompt 1 normally <literal>=</literal>, but <literal>^</literal> if
|
|
in single-line mode, and <literal>!</literal> if the session is
|
|
disconnected from the database (which can happen if
|
|
<command>\connect</command> fails). In prompt 2 the sequence is
|
|
replaced by <literal>-</literal>, <literal>*</literal>, a single quote,
|
|
or a double quote, depending on whether
|
|
<application>psql</application> expects more input because the
|
|
command wasn't terminated yet, because you are inside a
|
|
<literal>/* ... */</literal> comment, or because you are inside
|
|
a quote. In prompt 3 the sequence doesn't produce anything.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%x</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Transaction status: an empty string when not in a transaction
|
|
block, or <literal>*</> when in a transaction block, or
|
|
<literal>!</> when in a failed transaction block, or <literal>?</>
|
|
when the transaction state is indeterminate (for example, because
|
|
there is no connection).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%</literal><replaceable class="parameter">digits</replaceable></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The character with the indicated numeric code is substituted.
|
|
If <replaceable class="parameter">digits</replaceable> starts
|
|
with <literal>0x</literal> the rest of the characters are
|
|
interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise if the first digit is
|
|
<literal>0</literal> the digits are interpreted as octal;
|
|
otherwise the digits are read as a decimal number.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%:</literal><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable><literal>:</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The value of the <application>psql</application> variable
|
|
<replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>. See the
|
|
section <xref linkend="APP-PSQL-variables"
|
|
endterm="APP-PSQL-variables-title"> for details.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%`</literal><replaceable class="parameter">command</replaceable><literal>`</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The output of <replaceable
|
|
class="parameter">command</replaceable>, similar to ordinary
|
|
<quote>back-tick</quote> substitution.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>%[</literal> ... <literal>%]</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prompts may contain terminal control characters which, for
|
|
example, change the color, background, or style of the prompt
|
|
text, or change the title of the terminal window. In order for
|
|
the line editing features of readline to work properly, these
|
|
non-printing control characters must be designated as invisible
|
|
by surrounding them with <literal>%[</literal> and
|
|
<literal>%]</literal>. Multiple pairs of these may occur within
|
|
the prompt. For example,
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> \set PROMPT1 '%[%033[1;33;40m%]%n@%/%R%[%033[0m%#%] '
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
results in a boldfaced (<literal>1;</literal>) yellow-on-black
|
|
(<literal>33;40</literal>) prompt on VT100-compatible, color-capable
|
|
terminals.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
To insert a percent sign into your prompt, write
|
|
<literal>%%</literal>. The default prompts are
|
|
<literal>'%/%R%# '</literal> for prompts 1 and 2, and
|
|
<literal>'>> '</literal> for prompt 3.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from
|
|
<application>tcsh</application>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</refsect3>
|
|
|
|
<refsect3>
|
|
<title>Command-Line Editing</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> supports the <application>Readline</application>
|
|
library for convenient line editing and retrieval. The command
|
|
history is stored in a file named <filename>.psql_history</filename>
|
|
in your home directory and is reloaded when
|
|
<application>psql</application> starts up. Tab-completion is also
|
|
supported, although the completion logic makes no claim to be an
|
|
<acronym>SQL</acronym> parser. If for some reason you do not like the tab completion, you
|
|
can turn if off by putting this in a file named
|
|
<filename>.inputrc</filename> in your home directory:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
$if psql
|
|
set disable-completion on
|
|
$endif
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
(This is not a <application>psql</application> but a
|
|
<application>Readline</application> feature. Read its documentation
|
|
for further details.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect3>
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Environment</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>HOME</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Directory for initialization file (<filename>.psqlrc</filename>)
|
|
and command history file (<filename>.psql_history</filename>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>PAGER</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the query results do not fit on the screen, they are piped
|
|
through this command. Typical values are
|
|
<literal>more</literal> or <literal>less</literal>. The default
|
|
is platform-dependent. The use of the pager can be disabled by
|
|
using the <command>\pset</command> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>PGDATABASE</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Default database to connect to
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>PGHOST</envar></term>
|
|
<term><envar>PGPORT</envar></term>
|
|
<term><envar>PGUSER</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Default connection parameters
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>PSQL_EDITOR</envar></term>
|
|
<term><envar>EDITOR</envar></term>
|
|
<term><envar>VISUAL</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Editor used by the <command>\e</command> command. The variables
|
|
are examined in the order listed; the first that is set is used.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>SHELL</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Command executed by the <command>\!</command> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><envar>TMPDIR</envar></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Directory for storing temporary files. The default is
|
|
<filename>/tmp</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Files</title>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Before starting up, <application>psql</application> attempts to
|
|
read and execute commands from the file
|
|
<filename>$HOME/.psqlrc</filename>. It could be used to set up
|
|
the client or the server to taste (using the <command>\set
|
|
</command> and <command>SET</command> commands).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The command-line history is stored in the file
|
|
<filename>$HOME/.psql_history</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Notes</title>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In an earlier life <application>psql</application> allowed the
|
|
first argument of a single-letter backslash command to start
|
|
directly after the command, without intervening whitespace. For
|
|
compatibility this is still supported to some extent,
|
|
but were are not going to explain the details here as this use is
|
|
discouraged. If you get strange messages, keep this in mind.
|
|
For example
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\foo</userinput>
|
|
Field separator is "oo".
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
which is perhaps not what one would expect.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<application>psql</application> only works smoothly with servers
|
|
of the same version. That does not mean other combinations will
|
|
fail outright, but subtle and not-so-subtle problems might come
|
|
up. Backslash commands are particularly likely to fail if the
|
|
server is of a different version.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1 id="APP-PSQL-examples">
|
|
<title id="APP-PSQL-examples-title">Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The first example shows how to spread a command over several lines of
|
|
input. Notice the changing prompt:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>CREATE TABLE my_table (</userinput>
|
|
testdb(> <userinput> first integer not null default 0,</userinput>
|
|
testdb(> <userinput> second text</userinput>
|
|
testdb-> <userinput>);</userinput>
|
|
CREATE TABLE
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Now look at the table definition again:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\d my_table</userinput>
|
|
Table "my_table"
|
|
Attribute | Type | Modifier
|
|
-----------+---------+--------------------
|
|
first | integer | not null default 0
|
|
second | text |
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Now we change the prompt to something more interesting:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
testdb=> <userinput>\set PROMPT1 '%n@%m %~%R%# '</userinput>
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=>
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Let's assume you have filled the table with data and want to take a
|
|
look at it:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> SELECT * FROM my_table;
|
|
first | second
|
|
-------+--------
|
|
1 | one
|
|
2 | two
|
|
3 | three
|
|
4 | four
|
|
(4 rows)
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
You can make this table look differently by using the
|
|
<command>\pset</command> command:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset border 2</userinput>
|
|
Border style is 2.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>SELECT * FROM my_table;</userinput>
|
|
+-------+--------+
|
|
| first | second |
|
|
+-------+--------+
|
|
| 1 | one |
|
|
| 2 | two |
|
|
| 3 | three |
|
|
| 4 | four |
|
|
+-------+--------+
|
|
(4 rows)
|
|
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset border 0</userinput>
|
|
Border style is 0.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>SELECT * FROM my_table;</userinput>
|
|
first second
|
|
----- ------
|
|
1 one
|
|
2 two
|
|
3 three
|
|
4 four
|
|
(4 rows)
|
|
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset border 1</userinput>
|
|
Border style is 1.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset format unaligned</userinput>
|
|
Output format is unaligned.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset fieldsep ","</userinput>
|
|
Field separator is ",".
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\pset tuples_only</userinput>
|
|
Showing only tuples.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>SELECT second, first FROM my_table;</userinput>
|
|
one,1
|
|
two,2
|
|
three,3
|
|
four,4
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
Alternatively, use the short commands:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>\a \t \x</userinput>
|
|
Output format is aligned.
|
|
Tuples only is off.
|
|
Expanded display is on.
|
|
peter@localhost testdb=> <userinput>SELECT * FROM my_table;</userinput>
|
|
-[ RECORD 1 ]-
|
|
first | 1
|
|
second | one
|
|
-[ RECORD 2 ]-
|
|
first | 2
|
|
second | two
|
|
-[ RECORD 3 ]-
|
|
first | 3
|
|
second | three
|
|
-[ RECORD 4 ]-
|
|
first | 4
|
|
second | four
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
|
|
Local variables:
|
|
mode: sgml
|
|
sgml-omittag:nil
|
|
sgml-shorttag:t
|
|
sgml-minimize-attributes:nil
|
|
sgml-always-quote-attributes:t
|
|
sgml-indent-step:1
|
|
sgml-indent-data:t
|
|
sgml-parent-document:nil
|
|
sgml-default-dtd-file:"../reference.ced"
|
|
sgml-exposed-tags:nil
|
|
sgml-local-catalogs:"/usr/lib/sgml/catalog"
|
|
sgml-local-ecat-files:nil
|
|
End:
|
|
-->
|